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Redundancies in the communication of music: An operationalization of Schutz's ‘Making Music Together’

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  • Mark William Johnson
  • Loet Leydesdorff

Abstract

We elaborate Alfred Schutz's theory of musical communication empirically. Our technique for analysing musical communication aligns Schutz's sociological theory with the mathematics of anticipatory systems. Music, we argue, can be considered as an anticipatory system that articulates through its diachronic unfolding, fundamental symmetries which can be traced back to its initial moments. Following Bohm and Dubois, we argue that these symmetries are present in fractal structures that gradually increase in definition as the music progresses. Critically, we focus on the role of redundancy in this process of providing increasing definition. By analysing the entropy of musical data, we show how graphs of relative entropies can be produced from which a fractal is constructed. In arguing that coherence in music can be established through the alignment of self‐similar patterns, the connection between Dubois's anticipatory systems and Schutz's characterization of the dimensions of musical communication shows how redundancy underlies musical coherence.

Suggested Citation

  • Mark William Johnson & Loet Leydesdorff, 2021. "Redundancies in the communication of music: An operationalization of Schutz's ‘Making Music Together’," Systems Research and Behavioral Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(6), pages 923-939, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:srbeha:v:38:y:2021:i:6:p:923-939
    DOI: 10.1002/sres.2738
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Loet Leydesdorff & Inga A. Ivanova, 2014. "Mutual redundancies in interhuman communication systems: Steps toward a calculus of processing meaning," Journal of the Association for Information Science & Technology, Association for Information Science & Technology, vol. 65(2), pages 386-399, February.
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