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Institutions vs. ‘first‐nature’ geography: What drives economic growth in Europe's regions?

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  • Tobias D. Ketterer
  • Andrés Rodríguez‐Pose

Abstract

The debate on whether institutions or geography prevail in driving economic growth has been rife (e.g., Sachs 2003 vs. Rodrik et al. 2004). Most of the empirical analyses delving into this debate have focused on world countries, whose geographical and institutional conditions differ widely. Subnational analyses considering groups of countries with, in principle, more similar institutional and geographical conditions have been limited and tended to highlight that geography is more important than institutions at subnational level. This paper aims to address whether this is the case by investigating how differences in institutional and ‘first‐nature’ geographical conditions have affected economic growth in Europe's regions in the period 1995–2009. In the analysis we use a newly developed dataset including regional quality of government indicators and geographical characteristics and employ two‐stage least squares (2SLS) and instrumental variables‐generalized method of moments (IV‐GMM) estimation techniques with a number of regional historical variables as instruments. Our results indicate that at a regional level in Europe institutions rule. Regional institutional conditions – and, particularly, government effectiveness and the fight against corruption – play an important role in shaping regional economic growth prospects. This does not imply, however, that geography is irrelevant. There is evidence of geographical factors affecting regional growth, although their impact is dwarfed by the overriding influence of institutions. El debate sobre si las instituciones o la geografía prevalecen como impulsores del crecimiento económico ha sido muy común (p. ej. Sachs 2003 vs. Rodrik et al. 2004). La mayoría de los análisis empíricos que ahondan en este debate se han centrado en países del mundo cuyas condiciones geográficas e institucionales difieren ampliamente. Los análisis subnacionales que consideran grupos de países con condiciones institucionales y geográficas más similares, en principio, han sido pocos y han tendido a señalar que a nivel subnacional la geografía es más importante que las instituciones. El propósito de este artículo es investigar si esto es verdad, con un estudio sobre cómo han afectado las diferencias en las condiciones primigénicas geográficas e institucionales al crecimiento económico en las regiones de Europa en el período 1995–2009. En el análisis se usa un conjunto de datos recientemente desarrollado que incluye indicadores regionales de calidad del gobierno y características geográficas y se emplean técnicas de estimación por mínimos cuadrados en dos etapas (MC2E) y variables instrumentales ‐ método de los momentos generalizado (IV‐GMM, por sus siglas en inglés) con una serie de variables históricas regionales como instrumentos. Los resultados indican que en Europa las instituciones predominan a nivel regional. Las condiciones institucionales regionales –y, en particular, la efectividad del gobierno y la lucha contra la corrupción– juegan un papel importante en la configuración de las perspectivas de crecimiento económico regional. Esto no implica, sin embargo, que la geografía sea irrelevante. Se encontraron pruebas de factores geográficos que afectan al crecimiento regional, aunque su impacto se ve ensombrecido por la influencia primordial de las instituciones. 制度と地理では、どちらが経済成長の促進に優位であるかという議論が広まっている(例: Sachs 2003 に対する Rodrik et al. 2004)。この議論を深く掘り下げた実証分析は、これまで世界中の国々に焦点を当てて行われてきており、これでは地理的条件と制度の条件には大きなばらつきがあった。原則として制度と地理の条件が類似する国の集団を検討したサブナショナル分析は限定的にしか実施されていないが、サブナショナルレベルでは制度よりも地理が重要であることを強調する傾向がある。本稿では、制度的条件と自然の(first‐nature)地理的条件との違いが1995年から2009年までの欧州の地方における経済成長に対してどのような影響を及ぼしたかを調査し、前述のことが本当であるのか否かを検討する。この分析では、政府の指標による地域の質と地理的特徴を含む新しく作成されたデータセットを使用し、推定法として二段階最小二乗法(two‐stage least squares: 2SLS)と、地域の過去から現在の変数を操作変数とする操作変数法を包含する一般化モーメント法(instrumental variables‐generalized method of moments:IV‐GMM)を用いる。結果は、欧州では地域レベルでは制度が支配的であることを示す。地域の制度に関わる条件、特に政府の実行力と腐敗(corruption)撲滅の動きが、地域の経済成長の見込みを形作るのに重要な役割を担っている。しかし、これは地理が重要ではないということではない。地理的要因による波及効果は、制度の影響が大きいために目立たないものの、地理的要因が地域の成長に影響していることを示すエビデンスが認められる。

Suggested Citation

  • Tobias D. Ketterer & Andrés Rodríguez‐Pose, 2018. "Institutions vs. ‘first‐nature’ geography: What drives economic growth in Europe's regions?," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 97(S1), pages 25-62, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:presci:v:97:y:2018:i:s1:p:s25-s62
    DOI: 10.1111/pirs.12237
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    JEL classification:

    • R11 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics - - - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
    • O11 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
    • O43 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Institutions and Growth

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