IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bfr/bullbf/202525905.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Trends in the cash cycle
[Parlons cash !]

Author

Listed:
  • Louis Alexandre Bayol
  • Rémi Odry Habab
  • Hugo Niedzielski
  • Raymond De Pastor
  • Fréjus Tougbeto
  • Johan Tricot
  • Isabelle Valdés-Curien

Abstract

As a direct consequence of the fall in cash payments, banknote withdrawals have declined steadily over the past decade, along with banknote flows observed by cash cycle stakeholders (the Banque de France, banks and cash-in-transit firms). Although recent phenomena such as high inflation and hikes in interest rates led to a pause in the decline, the downward trend resumed as of 2023. However, demand for cash is not only driven by transactional use; banknotes are also withdrawn for hoarding purposes and in response to foreign (extra-euro) demand, which generally remains robust. Conséquence directe du déclin des espèces en tant que moyen de paiement, les retraits d’espèces et les flux de billets observés par les acteurs fiduciaires, comme la Banque de France, les banques ou les transporteurs de fonds, tendent à diminuer régulièrement depuis dix ans. Si certains événements récents, comme la hausse de l’inflation et des taux d’intérêt, ont pu interrompre momentanément ce mouvement, les tendances sont reparties à la baisse depuis 2023. Toutefois, la demande de billets n’est pas uniquement motivée par un motif transactionnel : les billets sont également retirés à des fins de thésaurisation ou en réponse à une demande étrangère (hors zone euro) qui est globalement dynamique.

Suggested Citation

  • Louis Alexandre Bayol & Rémi Odry Habab & Hugo Niedzielski & Raymond De Pastor & Fréjus Tougbeto & Johan Tricot & Isabelle Valdés-Curien, 2025. "Trends in the cash cycle [Parlons cash !]," Bulletin de la Banque de France, Banque de France, issue 259.
  • Handle: RePEc:bfr:bullbf:2025:259:05
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.banque-france.fr/system/files/2025-09/BDF259-5_Trends-in-cash-cycle.pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.banque-france.fr/system/files/2025-07/BDF259-5_Parlons-cash_web2.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jonathan Ashworth & Charles A.E. Goodhart, 2020. "The Surprising Recovery of Currency Usage," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 16(3), pages 239-277, June.
    2. Lalouette, Laure & Zamora-Pérez, Alejandro & Rusu, Codruta & Bartzsch, Nikolaus & Politronacci, Emmanuelle & Delmas, Martial & Rua, António & Brandi, Marco & Naksi, Martti, 2021. "Foreign demand for euro banknotes," Occasional Paper Series 253, European Central Bank.
    3. Ashworth, J. & Goodhart, C. A. E., 2020. "The surprising recovery of currency usage," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 105303, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Rösl, Gerhard & Seitz, Franz, 2024. "Uncertainty, politics, and crises: The case for cash," Latin American Journal of Central Banking (previously Monetaria), Elsevier, vol. 5(3).
    2. Franz Seitz & Lucas Devigne & Raymond de Pastor, 2022. "Different Motives for Holding Cash in France: an Analysis of the Net Cash Issues of the Banque de France," Working papers 888, Banque de France.
    3. Maëlan Le Goff & Nathalie Normand, 2025. "Parlons cash !," Bulletin de la Banque de France, Banque de France, issue 259.
    4. Kotkowski, Radoslaw, 2023. "National culture and the demand for physical money during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    5. Krüger, Malte & Seitz, Franz, 2025. "Costs of means of payment for consumers: Literature review and some sensitivity analyses," IMFS Working Paper Series 218, Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Monetary and Financial Stability (IMFS).
    6. Noll, Franklin & Lipkin, Andrei, 2021. "Smart Banknotes and Cryptobanknotes: Hybrid Banknotes for Central Bank Digital Currencies and Cryptocurrency Payments," MPRA Paper 110887, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Rösl, Gerhard & Seitz, Franz, 2021. "Cash and crises: No surprises by the virus," IMFS Working Paper Series 150, Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Monetary and Financial Stability (IMFS).
    8. Muñoz, Manuel A. & Soons, Oscar, 2023. "Public money as a store of value, heterogeneous beliefs, and banks: implications of CBDC," Working Paper Series 2801, European Central Bank.
    9. Edoardo Rainone, 2022. "Currency demand at negative policy rates," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 1359, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    10. Hans-Eggert Reimers & Friedrich Schneider & Franz Seitz, 2020. "Payment Innovations, the Shadow Economy and Cash Demand of Households in Euro Area Countries," CESifo Working Paper Series 8574, CESifo.
    11. Hanna Armelius & Carl Andreas Claussen & André Reslow, 2022. "Withering Cash: Is Sweden Ahead of the Curve or Just Special?," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 18(4), pages 1-52, October.
    12. Jeremy Samer Srouji, 2020. "Digital Payments, the Cashless Economy, and Financial Inclusion in the United Arab Emirates: Why Is Everyone Still Transacting in Cash?," Post-Print hal-03015357, HAL.
    13. Alfar, Abdelrahman J.K. & Kumpamool, Chamaiporn & Nguyen, Dung T.K. & Ahmed, Rizwan, 2023. "The determinants of issuing central bank digital currencies," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    14. Nikolaus Bartzsch & Gerhard Rösl & Franz Seitz, 2025. "Cash demand in times of crises: a global perspective," Bank i Kredyt, Narodowy Bank Polski, vol. 56(1), pages 1-44.
    15. Rösl, Gerhard & Seitz, Franz, 2024. "Resilience and the cash infrastructure: The role of access, acceptance, availability, and affordability," Weidener Diskussionspapiere 93, University of Applied Sciences Amberg-Weiden (OTH).
    16. Serhan Cevik, 2020. "Dirty money: Does the risk of infectious disease lower demand for cash?," International Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 23(3), pages 460-471, December.
    17. Jacek Pietrucha & Grzegorz Maciejewski, 2020. "Precautionary Demand for Cash and Perceived Risk of Electronic Payments," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-25, September.
    18. Yulia Titova & Delia Cornea & Sébastien Lemeunier, 2021. "What Factors Keep Cash Alive in the European Union?," De Economist, Springer, vol. 169(3), pages 291-317, August.
    19. Krueger, Malte & Seitz, Franz, 2025. "Kosten von Zahlungsmitteln für Konsumenten: Literaturauswertung und Sensitivitätsanalysen [Costs of Means of Payment for Consumers: Literature review and some sensitivity analyses]," MPRA Paper 124204, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    20. Claussen, Carl Andreas & Segendorff, Björn & Seitz, Franz, 2023. "Cash for Transactions or Store-of-Value? A comparative study on Sweden and peer countries," Working Paper Series 427, Sveriges Riksbank (Central Bank of Sweden).

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bfr:bullbf:2025:259:05. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Michael brassart (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/bdfgvfr.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.