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Generative Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Emerging Economies: A Technology-Organization-Environment Framework Analysis of Large Language Model Integration in Small and Medium Enterprises

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  • Dr. Veena Tewari

    (University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Ibri, Ibri, Al Dhahirah)

  • Dr. Amal Sulaiman Al Alawi

    (University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Ibri, Ibri, Al Dhahirah)

  • Dr. Swapnil Morande

    (University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Ibri, Ibri, Al Dhahirah)

Abstract

The proliferation of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI), particularly Large Language Models (LLMs), has precipitated substantial transformations in organizational practices across developed economies. However, a conspicuous lacuna persists in scholarly understanding concerning the adoption dynamics within emerging market contexts where resource constraints and infrastructural limitations present distinctive challenges. This study investigates the determinants and outcomes of GenAI adoption among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) across BRICS+ nations, employing the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework as theoretical foundation. Through a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design, we collected quantitative data from 487 manufacturing and service sector SMEs during March-August 2025 and supplemented findings with 32 semi-structured interviews with senior managers. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis reveals that technological readiness (β = 0.412, p

Suggested Citation

  • Dr. Veena Tewari & Dr. Amal Sulaiman Al Alawi & Dr. Swapnil Morande, 2026. "Generative Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Emerging Economies: A Technology-Organization-Environment Framework Analysis of Large Language Model Integration in Small and Medium Enterprises," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 10(19), pages 516-528, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:bcp:journl:v:10:y:2026:i:19:p:516-528
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Saeed Badghish & Yasir Ali Soomro, 2024. "Artificial Intelligence Adoption by SMEs to Achieve Sustainable Business Performance: Application of Technology–Organization–Environment Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-24, February.
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