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Taking it like a man: Masculine role norms as moderators of the racial discrimination-depressive symptoms association among African American men

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  • Hammond, W.P.

Abstract

Objectives: I examined the association between everyday racial discrimination and depressive symptoms and explored the moderating role of 2 dimensions of masculine role norms, restrictive emotionality and self-reliance. Methods. Cross-sectional survey data from 674 African American men aged 18 years and older recruited primarily frombarbershops in 4 US regions (2003-2010) were used. Direct and moderated associations were assessed with multivariate linear regression analyses for the overall sample and different age groups.Models were adjusted for recruitment site, sociodemographics, masculine role norms salience, and general social stress. Results. Everyday racial discrimination was associated with more depressive symptoms across all age groups. Higher restrictive emotionality was associated with more depressive symptoms among men aged 18 to 29 and 30 to 39 years. Self-reliance was associated with fewer depressive symptoms among men aged 18 to 29 years and 40 years and older. The positive association between everyday racial discrimination and depressive symptoms was stronger among men with high restrictive emotionality, but this moderated effect was limited to men older than 30 years. Conclusions. Interventions designed to reduce African American men's depression instigated by racismshould be life-course specific and addressmasculine role norms that encourage emotion restriction.

Suggested Citation

  • Hammond, W.P., 2012. "Taking it like a man: Masculine role norms as moderators of the racial discrimination-depressive symptoms association among African American men," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 102(S2), pages 232-241.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/ajph.2011.300485_9
    DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300485
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    1. Shervin Assari & Jocelyn R. Smith & Cleopatra Howard Caldwell & Marc A. Zimmerman, 2015. "Gender Differences in Longitudinal Links between Neighborhood Fear, Parental Support, and Depression among African American Emerging Adults," Societies, MDPI, vol. 5(1), pages 1-20, March.
    2. Felicia V Wheaton PhD & Courtney S Thomas PhD & Carly Roman BA & Cleopatra M Abdou PhD, 2018. "Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms Among African American Men Across the Adult Lifecourse," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 73(2), pages 208-218.
    3. Daphne C. Watkins, 2019. "Improving the Living, Learning, and Thriving of Young Black Men: A Conceptual Framework for Reflection and Projection," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-13, April.
    4. Shervin Assari & James Smith & Mohsen Bazargan, 2019. "Depression Fully Mediates the Effect of Multimorbidity on Self-Rated Health for Economically Disadvantaged African American Men but Not Women," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-16, May.
    5. Barr, Ashley B. & Simons, Ronald L. & Beach, Steven R.H. & Simons, Leslie Gordon, 2022. "Racial discrimination and health among two generations of African American couples," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    6. Mathew D Gayman & Ben Lennox Kail & Amy Spring & George R GreenidgeJr, 2018. "Risk and Protective Factors for Depressive Symptoms Among African American Men: An Application of the Stress Process Model," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 73(2), pages 219-229.
    7. Ann W Nguyen & Linda M Chatters & Robert Joseph Taylor & María P Aranda & Karen D Lincoln & Courtney S Thomas, 2018. "Discrimination, Serious Psychological Distress, and Church-Based Emotional Support Among African American Men Across the Life Span," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 73(2), pages 198-207.
    8. Shervin Assari & Jalal Haidar, 2018. "History of Non-Fatal Physical Assault Is Associated with Premature Mortality for Whites but Not Blacks," J, MDPI, vol. 1(1), pages 1-13, September.
    9. Shervin Assari & Susan D. Cochran & Vickie M. Mays, 2021. "Money Protects White but Not African American Men against Discrimination: Comparison of African American and White Men in the Same Geographic Areas," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-12, March.
    10. Jamie A Mitchell & Tamara Cadet & Shanna Burke & Ed-Dee Williams & Daniel Alvarez, 2018. "The Paradoxical Impact of Companionship on the Mental Health of Older African American Men," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 73(2), pages 230-239.

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