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Combining explicit and implicit measures of racial discrimination in health research

Author

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  • Krieger, N.
  • Carney, D.
  • Lancaster, K.
  • Waterman, P.D.
  • Kosheleva, A.
  • Banaji, M.

Abstract

Objectives. To improve measurement of discrimination for health research, we sought to address the concern that explicit self-reports of racial discrimination may not capture unconscious cognition. Methods. We used 2 assessment tools in our Web-based study: a new application of the Implicit Association Test, a computer-based reaction-time test that measures the strength of association between an individual's self or group and being a victim or perpetrator of racial discrimination, and a validated explicit self-report measure of racial discrimination. Results. Among the 442 US-born non-Hispanic Black participants, the explicit and implicit measures, as hypothesized, were weakly correlated and tended to be independently associated with risk of hypertension among persons with less than a college degree. Adjustments for both measures eliminated the significantly greater risk for Blacks than for Whites (odds ratio=1.4), reducing it to 1.1 (95% confidence interval=0.7,1.7). Conclusions. Our results suggest that the scientific rigor of research on racism and health will be improved by investigating how both unconscious and conscious mental awareness of having experienced discrimination matter for somatic and mental health.

Suggested Citation

  • Krieger, N. & Carney, D. & Lancaster, K. & Waterman, P.D. & Kosheleva, A. & Banaji, M., 2010. "Combining explicit and implicit measures of racial discrimination in health research," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 100(8), pages 1485-1492.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/ajph.2009.159517_8
    DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159517
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    Cited by:

    1. Amanuel E. Habtegiorgis & Yin Paradies, 2013. "Utilising self-report data to measure racial discrimination in the labour market," Australian Journal of Labour Economics (AJLE), Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre (BCEC), Curtin Business School, vol. 16(1), pages 5-41.
    2. Mirna Safi & Patrick Simon, 2013. "Les discriminations ethniques et raciales dans l'enquête Trajectoires et Origines : représentations, expériences subjectives et situations vécues," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 464(1), pages 245-275.
    3. Came, H. & Doole, C. & McKenna, B. & McCreanor, T., 2018. "Institutional racism in public health contracting: Findings of a nationwide survey from New Zealand," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 132-139.
    4. Hudson, Darrell L. & Puterman, Eli & Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten & Matthews, Karen A. & Adler, Nancy E., 2013. "Race, life course socioeconomic position, racial discrimination, depressive symptoms and self-rated health," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 7-14.
    5. Nancy Krieger & Pamela D Waterman & Anna Kosheleva & Jarvis T Chen & Kevin W Smith & Dana R Carney & Gary G Bennett & David R Williams & Gisele Thornhill & Elmer R Freeman, 2013. "Racial Discrimination & Cardiovascular Disease Risk: My Body My Story Study of 1005 US-Born Black and White Community Health Center Participants (US)," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(10), pages 1-15, October.
    6. Nicholas Biddle & Monica Howlett & Boyd Hunter & Yin Paradies, 2013. "Labour market and other discrimination facing Indigenous Australians," Australian Journal of Labour Economics (AJLE), Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre (BCEC), Curtin Business School, vol. 16(1), pages 91-113.
    7. Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. & Bellatorre, Anna & Lee, Yeonjin & Finch, Brian K. & Muennig, Peter & Fiscella, Kevin, 2014. "Structural stigma and all-cause mortality in sexual minority populations," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 33-41.
    8. Eli K. Michaels & Alexis N. Reeves & Marilyn D. Thomas & Melisa M. Price & Rebecca E. Hasson & David H. Chae & Amani M. Allen, 2019. "Everyday Racial Discrimination and Hypertension among Midlife African American Women: Disentangling the Role of Active Coping Dispositions versus Active Coping Behaviors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-18, November.
    9. Mikrut, Emilia E. & Keating, Luke H. & Barnwell, Patrick V. & Cioffi, Loriann & Vega, Destiny & Contrada, Richard J. & Brondolo, Elizabeth, 2022. "Pathways from exposure to racial/ethnic discrimination to depression: Testing a social-cognitive model," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    10. Cunningham, Timothy J. & Seeman, Teresa E. & Kawachi, Ichiro & Gortmaker, Steven L. & Jacobs, David R. & Kiefe, Catarina I. & Berkman, Lisa F., 2012. "Racial/ethnic and gender differences in the association between self-reported experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination and inflammation in the CARDIA cohort of 4 US communities," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 75(5), pages 922-931.
    11. Nancy Krieger & Pamela D Waterman & Anna Kosheleva & Jarvis T Chen & Dana R Carney & Kevin W Smith & Gary G Bennett & David R Williams & Elmer Freeman & Beverley Russell & Gisele Thornhill & Kristin M, 2011. "Exposing Racial Discrimination: Implicit & Explicit Measures–The My Body, My Story Study of 1005 US-Born Black & White Community Health Center Members," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(11), pages 1-24, November.
    12. Sonik, Rajan Anthony & Creedon, Timothy B. & Progovac, Ana Maria & Carson, Nicholas & Delman, Jonathan & Delman, Deborah & Lê Cook, Benjamin, 2020. "Depression treatment preferences by race/ethnicity and gender and associations between past healthcare discrimination experiences and present preferences in a nationally representative sample," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).

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