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The Relationship between the Sectoral Structure of Female Employment and Economic Growth and Income Distribution in Türkiye: Empirical Evidence from Fourier-Based Cointegration and Causality Analyses

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  • Aslı Özen Atabey
  • Mustafa Karakuş

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the contribution of female labour force to the economy in a more comprehensive framework by analysing the relationship between the sectoral structure of female employment in Türkiye and economic growth and income distribution. Using data from the Turkish economy (1991–2023), the study employs FADL and RALS-FADL cointegration tests to analyze long-term relationships and the Fourier Toda-Yamamoto test to assess causality. The findings indicate significant long-run relationships between women's employment in total, services, industry, and agriculture with economic growth and income distribution. While increased female employment in all sectors improves income distribution, agricultural employment negatively impacts economic growth, and the effect of total female employment on growth remains limited. The causality analysis findings reveal that income distribution is a determining factor for female employment in the service sector and total female employment, while industrial female employment is effective on income distribution. There is also evidence that economic growth affects women's employment in the agricultural sector. These findings indicate that policies targeting female employment have sectorally differentiated impacts on economic growth and income distribution, thus underscoring the necessity for sector-specific targeted strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Aslı Özen Atabey & Mustafa Karakuş, 2025. "The Relationship between the Sectoral Structure of Female Employment and Economic Growth and Income Distribution in Türkiye: Empirical Evidence from Fourier-Based Cointegration and Causality Analyses," Journal of Research in Economics, Politics & Finance, Ersan ERSOY, vol. 10(2), pages 677-708.
    • Handle: RePEc:ahs:journl:v:10:y:2025:i:2:p:677-708
    DOI: 10.30784/epfad.1650858
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Naila Kabeer, 2016. "Gender Equality, Economic Growth, and Women's Agency: the "Endless Variety" and "Monotonous Similarity" of Patriarchal Constraints," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(1), pages 295-321, January.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J23 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Demand
    • O11 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
    • O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
    • C32 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models

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