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The impact of downward rating momentum on credit portfolio risk

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Author Info
Güttler, André
Raupach, Peter

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Abstract

Rating downgrades are known to make subsequent downgrades more likely. We analyze the impact of this ?downward momentum? on credit portfolio risk. Using S&P ratings from 1996 to 2005, we estimate a transition matrix that is insensitive to and a second matrix that is sensitive to previous downgrades. We then derive differences between the insensitive portfolio Value-at-Risk (VaR) and the momentum-sensitive VaR. We find realistic scenarios where investors who rely on insensitive transition matrices underestimate the VaR by eight percent of the correct value. The result is relevant for risk managers and regulators since banks neglecting the downward rating momentum might hold insufficient capital. -- In der Analyse von Ratingänderungen spricht man von einem Ratingimpuls (rating momentum), wenn die Wahrscheinlichkeit zukünftiger Ratingänderungen und Ausfälle nicht nur vom aktuellen Rating, sondern auch von früheren Ratingänderungen abhängt. Für Herabstufungen ist ein Ratingimpuls vielfach empirisch belegt: Innerhalb einer Ratingklasse haben die Anleihen mit vorangegangenen Herabstufungen eine höhere Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit und eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit, herabgestuft zu werden, als solche ohne vorangegangene Herabstufungen. Dieser Ratingimpuls hat einen Einfluss auf das Wertänderungsrisiko eines Anleihenportfolios: Vergleicht man zwei Portfolios mit gleicher Ratingzusammensetzung, von denen das erste einen hohen Anteil zuvor herabgestufter Anleihen hat und das zweite einen geringen, dann sind im ersten Portfolio mehr Ausfälle und Barwertverluste durch die Neubewertung nach Herabstufungen zu erwarten als im zweiten. Wir messen den Einfluss des Ratingimpulses auf das Kreditportfoliorisiko unter möglichst realistischen Annahmen. Mit Standard-and-Poor?s-Daten von 1996 bis 2005 schätzen wir zunächst eine Ratingmigrationsmatrix, die den Ratingimpuls berücksichtigt, und eine Matrix, die den Impuls ignoriert. Anschließend verwenden wir die Matrizen in einem Kreditportfoliomodell vom Typ CreditMetricsŽ und berechnen Unterschiede zwischen dem Value-at-Risk (VaR) mit und ohne Berücksichtigung des Ratingimpulses, wobei wir ersteren als richtig ansehen. Wir nehmen dabei an, dass der Portfoliomanager das aktuelle Rating, aber nicht den Ratingimpuls beachtet, also rein zufällig einige zuvor herabgestufte Anleihen ausgewählt hat. Wir gewinnen damit ein Risikomaß für die Fehleinschätzung des VaR. Es zeigt sich, dass ohne Berücksichtigung des Ratingimpulses der VaR von 6,7 % den korrekten VaR mit Ratingimpuls im Mittel um 0,24 % des Portfoliovolumens (3,5 % des richtigen VaR) unterschätzt. Bedeutsamer sind aber die erheblichen Schwankungen: Unter normalen Bedingungen gibt es eine Wahrscheinlichkeit von 5 %, dass der VaR ohne Ratingimpuls den korrekten VaR um mehr als 0,59 % (8,1 % des richtigen VaR) unterschätzt; in einer ökonomischen Stress-Situation kann der Fehler leicht 1,8 % (6.8 % des richtigen VaR) betragen. Das Ergebnis ist relevant für Risikomanager und Bankenaufseher, denn Banken, die den Ratingimpuls vernachlässigen, halten möglicherweise nicht ausreichend Kapital vor.

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Paper provided by Deutsche Bundesbank, Research Centre in its series Discussion Paper Series 2: Banking and Financial Studies with number 2008,16.

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Date of creation: 2008
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Handle: RePEc:zbw:bubdp2:7326

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Related research
Keywords: Rating drift; Downward momentum; Credit portfolio risk; Value-at-Risk;

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Find related papers by JEL classification:
G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Capital and Ownership Structure
G24 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage
C41 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics - - - Duration Analysis

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References listed on IDEAS
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  1. Loffler, Gunter, 2003. "The effects of estimation error on measures of portfolio credit risk," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(8), pages 1427-1453, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  6. Mahlmann, Thomas, 2006. "Estimation of rating class transition probabilities with incomplete data," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 30(11), pages 3235-3256, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Lando, David & Skodeberg, Torben M., 2002. "Analyzing rating transitions and rating drift with continuous observations," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(2-3), pages 423-444, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Mark Carey, 2000. "Dimensions of Credit Risk and Their Relationship to Economic Capital Requirements," NBER Working Papers 7629, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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    Other versions:
  10. Jacobson, Tor & Linde, Jesper & Roszbach, Kasper, 2006. "Internal ratings systems, implied credit risk and the consistency of banks' risk classification policies," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 30(7), pages 1899-1926, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  11. Mark Carey, 2000. "Dimensions of credit risk and their relationship to economic capital requirements," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2000-18, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.). [Downloadable!]
  12. Marshall E. Blume & Felix Lim & A. Craig MacKinlay, . "The Declining Credit Quality of US Corporate Debt: Myth or Reality?," Rodney L. White Center for Financial Research Working Papers 03-98, Wharton School Rodney L. White Center for Financial Research.
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  14. Merton, Robert C, 1974. "On the Pricing of Corporate Debt: The Risk Structure of Interest Rates," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 29(2), pages 449-70, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  15. Christensen, Jens H.E. & Hansen, Ernst & Lando, David, 2004. "Confidence sets for continuous-time rating transition probabilities," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(11), pages 2575-2602, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  16. Bangia, Anil & Diebold, Francis X. & Kronimus, Andre & Schagen, Christian & Schuermann, Til, 2002. "Ratings migration and the business cycle, with application to credit portfolio stress testing," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(2-3), pages 445-474, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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