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Income, Income Inequality and Health: What can we Learn from Aggregate Data?

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Hugh Gravelle
John Wildman
Matthew Sutton

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Abstract

It has been suggested that, especially in countries with high per capita income, there is an independent effect of income distribution on the health of individuals. One source of evidence in support of this relative income hypothesis are analyses of aggregate cross section data on population health, per capita income and income inequality. We examine the empirical robustness of cross-section analyses by using a new data set to replicate and extend the approach in a frequently cited paper. We find that the estimated relationship between income inequality and life expectancy is dependent on the data set used, the functional form estimated and the way in which the epidemiological transition is specifed. The association is never significant in any of our models. We argue there are serious methodological difficulties in using aggregate cross sections as means of testing hypotheses about the effect of income, and its distribution, on the health of individuals.

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Paper provided by Department of Economics, University of York in its series Discussion Papers with number 00/26.

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Handle: RePEc:yor:yorken:00/26

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  1. Godfrey, Leslie G & McAleer, Michael & McKenzie, Colin R, 1988. "Variable Addition and LaGrange Multiplier Tests for Linear and Logarithmic Regression Models," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 70(3), pages 492-503, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. Deininger, Klaus & Squire, Lyn, 1996. "A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality," World Bank Economic Review, Oxford University Press, vol. 10(3), pages 565-91, September.
  3. Ettner, Susan L., 1996. "New evidence on the relationship between income and health," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 67-85, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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(explanations, Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.)

  1. Dan Petrovici & Christopher Ritson, 2006. "Population, health and risk factors in a transitional economy," Journal of Consumer Policy, Springer, vol. 29(3), pages 279-300, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. David Cantarero & Marta Pascual & Jose Maria Sarabia, 2004. "Can income inequality contribute to understand inequalities in health? An empirical approach based on the European Community Household Panel," ERSA conference papers ersa04p230, European Regional Science Association. [Downloadable!]
  3. Mark McGillivray & Indranil Dutta & Nora Markova, 2009. "Health inequality and deprivation," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 18(S1), pages S1-S12. [Downloadable!]
  4. Vincent Hildebrand & Philippe Van Kerm, 2005. "Income Inequality and Self-Rated Health Status: Evidence from the European Community Household Panel," Social and Economic Dimensions of an Aging Population Research Papers 127, McMaster University. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  5. Frijters, Paul & Haisken-DeNew, John & Shields, Michael A., 2005. "Socio-Economic Status, Health Shocks, Life Satisfaction and Mortality: Evidence from an Increasing Mixed Proportional Hazard Model," IZA Discussion Papers 1488, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  6. Marta Pascual & David Cantarero & José Sarabia, 2005. "Income Inequality and Health: Do the Equivalence Scales Matter?," Atlantic Economic Journal, International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 33(2), pages 169-178, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Antonio Rodríguez Andrés, 2005. "Income inequality, unemployment, and suicide: a panel data analysis of 15 European countries," Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 37(4), pages 439-451, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. John Wildman & Hugh Gravelle & Matthew Sutton, 2003. "Health and income inequality: attempting to avoid the aggregation problem," Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 35(9), pages 999-1004, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Leigh, Andrew & Jencks, Christopher, 2006. "Inequality and Mortality: Long-Run Evidence from a Panel of Countries," Working Paper Series rwp06-032, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  10. Hugh Gravelle & Matt Sutton, 2006. "Income, Relative Income, and Self-Reported Health in Britain 1979-2000," Discussion Papers 06/06, Department of Economics, University of York. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  11. Guillem López-Casasnovas & Berta Rivera, 2002. "Las políticas de equidad en salud y las relaciones entre renta y salud," Hacienda Pública Española, IEF, vol. 161(2), pages 99-126, June. [Downloadable!]
  12. Ken Judge & Iain Paterson, 2001. "Poverty, Income Inequality and Health," Treasury Working Paper Series 01/29, New Zealand Treasury. [Downloadable!]
  13. John Wildman, 2001. "The impact of income inequality on individual and societal health: absolute income, relative income and statistical artefacts," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 10(4), pages 357-361. [Downloadable!]
  14. Marta Pascual & David Cantarero & Jose Maria Sarabia, 2004. "Trends in income inequality in the European Union: implications for health inequalities," ERSA conference papers ersa04p304, European Regional Science Association. [Downloadable!]
  15. Katja Hanewald, 2008. "Beyond the business cycle - factors driving aggregate mortality rates," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2008-031, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  16. Jennifer Franz & Felix Fitzroy, 2005. "Child mortaility, poverty and environment in developing countries," Discussion Paper Series, Department of Economics 0518, Department of Economics, University of St. Andrews. [Downloadable!]
  17. David Cantarero & Marta Pascual & José María Sarabia, 2005. "Effects of income inequality on population health: new evidence from the european community household panel," Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 37(1), pages 87-91, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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