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Exporte und Firmenerfolg: Welche Firmen profitieren wie vom internationalen Handel?

Author

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  • Joachim Wagner

    (Institute of Economics, Leuphana University of Lüneburg)

Abstract

Zahlreiche Untersuchungen belegen, dass die exportierenden Firmen den nur für den Inlandsmarkt produzierenden Firmen in vieler Hinsicht überlegen sind – sie sind im Durchschnitt größer, produktiver und innovativer, und sie waren dies schon, bevor sie mit dem Export begonnen haben. Eine offene Frage ist, wie und in welchem Maße die Firmen dann vom Export profitieren. Ökonometrische Auswertungen auch der Basis von Längsschnittdaten von Firmen zeigen nur selten positive Auswirkungen der Exportaktivitäten. Dies kann auch an den hierbei verwendeten Methoden liegen, denn ein Vergleich der exportierenden Firmen mit sich selbst in einer Situation ohne Export ist ja nicht möglich. Eine direkte Befragung von Exporteuren kann hier neue Erkenntnisse bringen. Eine Befragung von exportierenden Firmen aus den IHK-Bezirken Lüneburg- Wolfsburg und Stade zeigt, dass die Firmen sehr heterogen sind – nicht alle profitieren in gleicher Weise und in gleichem Maße vom Export. Große positive Effekte finden sich bei mehr als der Hälfte der Firmen bezogen auf Wachstum, Kapazitätsauslastung und Erträge sowie bei rund 40 Prozent mit Bezug auf den Ausgleich inländischer Konjunkturschwankungen. Umgekehrt sieht es bei den „Lerneffekten“ (Anregungen von Auslandskunden zur Verbesserung der Produkte; Steigerung der Produktivität als Reaktion auf höheren Wettbewerbsdruck auf Auslandsmärkten; bessere Einschätzung der eigenen Konkurrenzfähigkeit aufgrund von Kontakten mit Konkurrenten auf Auslandsmärkten und daraus folgende entsprechende Reaktionen) aus – hier überwiegen deutlich die Angaben wonach keine oder allenfalls geringe Effekte vorliegen. Was erklärt die in der Befragung festgestellten Unterschiede zwischen den Firmen in Bezug auf die Auswirkungen der Exporttätigkeit? Als zentrales Ergebnis können wir festhalten, dass bis auf den Exportanteil am Umsatz keine der anderen betrachteten Firmeneigenschaften wie Größe, Dauer der Exporterfahrung, Forschungs- und Entwicklungstätigkeit oder Auslandsniederlassungen ausschlaggebend dafür sind, ob eine Firma vom Export in verschiedener Hinsicht positiv beeinflusst wird oder nicht. Vom Export können also sehr unterschiedliche Firmen gleichermaßen profitieren, wobei tendenziell die Wahrscheinlichkeit dafür, dass ein starker positiver Effekt zu beobachten ist, mit zunehmendem Anteil des Auslandsumsatzes am Umsatz ansteigt. Simulationsrechnungen mit den geschätzten Modellen zeigen hierbei: Wenn es Effekte des Exports gibt, dann werden diese in der Regel erst ab einem Exportanteil am Umsatz von mindestens 25 Prozent deutlich.

Suggested Citation

  • Joachim Wagner, 2008. "Exporte und Firmenerfolg: Welche Firmen profitieren wie vom internationalen Handel?," Working Paper Series in Economics 81, University of Lüneburg, Institute of Economics.
  • Handle: RePEc:lue:wpaper:81
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    1. Joachim Wagner, 2016. "From Estimation Results to Stylized Facts: Twelve Recommendations for Empirical Research in International Activities of Heterogeneous Firms," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Microeconometrics of International Trade, chapter 15, pages 479-514, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Exporte; Firmenerfolg; Niedersachsen;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade
    • D21 - Microeconomics - - Production and Organizations - - - Firm Behavior: Theory

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