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The Economic Effects of COVID-19 in Sweden: A Report on Income, Taxes, Distribution, and Government Support Policies

Author

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  • Angelov, Nikolay

    (Uppsala Center for Fiscal Studies)

  • Waldenström, Daniel

    (Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm)

Abstract

This report analyses the economic consequences of the coronavirus pandemic and support policies using underutilized data sources from the Swedish Tax Agency's tax register, which provides real-time information on firm sales and employees' wage income. Firms' sales, particularly in areas heavily impacted by COVID-19, declined by 6.1% on average, inducing a drastic economic recession. Excise tax revenue analysis reveals a decline in industrial electricity and air travel tax revenues, but a rise in alcohol tax revenue. The hospitality industry experienced significant negative effects, with drops in sales, employment, and wage income. Payroll tax revenues decreased due to government intervention, whereas sick pay drastically increased. Average pre-tax labor income decreased by 5%, largely due to increased unemployment among part-time workers, escalating income inequality. Policy simulations indicate government support measures mitigated wage income reduction and unemployment rise, yet they contributed to income inequality under certain conditions. These results provide insight into the diverse, yet significant, economic impacts of the pandemic. A number of policy recommendations are presented based on the empirical findings.

Suggested Citation

  • Angelov, Nikolay & Waldenström, Daniel, 2023. "The Economic Effects of COVID-19 in Sweden: A Report on Income, Taxes, Distribution, and Government Support Policies," IZA Policy Papers 200, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    • Handle: RePEc:iza:izapps:pp200
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    COVID-19; taxes; inequality; policy effects;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • H12 - Public Economics - - Structure and Scope of Government - - - Crisis Management
    • H24 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
    • J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity

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