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Pragmatic Policy in Brazil: the Political Economy of Incomplete Market Reform

Author

Listed:
  • Armando Castelar Pinheiro
  • Regis Bonelli
  • Ben Ross Schneider

Abstract

The last 20 years were a period of major political, economic, social, and institutional reform in Brazil. In the first half of the 1990s, reformers opened the economy to foreign trade and both direct and portfolio investment, sold off a number of large and traditional state-owned enterprises, discontinued myriad price and output regulations, and gradually erected a new regulatory framework. Except for trade liberalization, which was largely completed by the mid-1990s, reforms accelerated after the Real Plan. The consolidation of price stability and market-oriented reforms, in turn, required a number of institutional changes including the strengthening and/or creation of competition and regulatory agencies, and the enactment of new legislation to promote fiscal discipline, improve regulation of financial markets, and protect consumers. This paper focuses on this gradual, piecemeal, loosely coordinated process of partial state retrenchment. The analysis focuses especially on the relative roles of ideology, policy packaging, and pragmatism in advancing reforms; how well reform implementation went; to what extent their results were as expected; and whether state retrenchment is here to stay. We argue that pragmatism—understood as a conduct that emphasizes practicality and stresses practical consequences as constituting the essential criterion in determining action—has been the main driving force behind reforms. In contrast to other Latin American countries, ideology and politics have played a lesser role in fostering market reforms in Brazil. In particular, although reforms were often bundled together with other urgent or popular policies, to facilitate their approval, they were not enacted as a coherent, overall change in development strategy, and more as a piecemeal, flexible, mostly disconnected reform process. Pragmatism led to market reforms that, as a rule, were gradual, usually incomplete and only loosely coordinated with one another. Although these characteristics sometimes facilitated reform politics—opening windows of opportunity and reducing political opposition—they also reduced the efficacy of reforms. In particular, pragmatism was insufficient to generate complementary, second-generation reforms. The overall impact of reforms has not been significant in Brazil, with only a marginal acceleration in GDP growth, due entirely to higher productivity growth. To the extent that pragmatism reflects an approach in which the end results are the main justification for reform, the failure to spur growth after over a decade of reforms puts their sustainability at risk. Os últimos 20 anos foram, como se sabe, um período de grandes transformações econômicas, políticas, institucionais e sociais no Brasil. Desde a primeira metade dos anos 1990 a economia foi progressivamente aberta, tanto ao comércio quanto ao investimento estrangeiro, diversas grandes empresas produtivas foram privatizadas, regulações de preços foram revogadas e um novo marco regulatório foi sendo gradualmente erigido. Exceto pela liberalização comercial, que já estava praticamente finalizada nos moldes originalmente propostos já em meados dos anos 1990, as demais reformas foram aceleradas após o Plano Real. A consolidação da estabilidade de preços e as reformas orientadas para o mercado, por sua vez, requeriam mudanças institucionais. Entre essas se incluem o fortalecimento da concorrência e a criação de agências reguladoras, bem como a aprovação de nova legislação para promover a disciplina fiscal, melhorar a regulação do mercado financeiro e proteger os consumidores. Este trabalho focaliza esse processo gradual e fracamente coordenado de redução da presença do Estado na economia. Detém-se, em especial, na análise dos papéis da ideologia, do policy packaging e do pragmatismo na implementação das reformas; no grau em que elas avançaram; em quão bem elas foram implementadas; e em se o processo de redução da intervenção estatal veio para ficar. Argumenta que o pragmatismo — entendido como uma conduta que enfatiza a motivação e as conseqüências práticas como guias para a ação — foi a principal força impulsionadora das reformas. Em contraste com outros países da América Latina, a ideologia e a política jogaram um papel relativamente menor nas reformas no Brasil. Em particular, embora as reformas fossem freqüentemente apresentadas junto com outras, mais urgentes e populares, para facilitar sua aprovação, elas não foram implementadas como uma mudança coerente na estratégia de desenvolvimento. Foram, antes, o resultado de um processo flexível, gradual, episódico e formado por peças desconectadas umas das outras. O pragmatismo levou a reformas que ficaram incompletas e pouco coordenadas entre si. Embora essas características às vezes facilitassem a política das reformas, abrindo janelas de oportunidade e diminuindo a oposição, elas também reduziram a eficácia das reformas. Em particular, o pragmatismo não foi suficiente para gerar as chamadas reformas de segunda geração. Até o presente, o impacto das reformas não foi muito significativo no Brasil, se medido pela aceleração da taxa de crescimento do PIB. O pouco que ocorreu foi decorrente do aumento da produtividade, não se observando uma recuperação dos níveis de investimento. Na medida em que o pragmatismo reflete uma abordagem em que o resultado final é a principal justificativa para a reforma, a falta de uma aceleração significativa do crescimento pode colocar a sustentabilidade das reformas em risco.

Suggested Citation

  • Armando Castelar Pinheiro & Regis Bonelli & Ben Ross Schneider, 2015. "Pragmatic Policy in Brazil: the Political Economy of Incomplete Market Reform," Discussion Papers 0132, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:0132
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