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Brazilian Population Ageing: Differences in Well-being by Rural and Urban Areas

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  • Ana Amélia Camarano

Abstract

The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the relationship between ageing and dependence and the role of social policies in Brazil according to rural and urban areas. In other words, is being elderly in rural areas different from being elderly in urban areas? And if it is found to be so, which dimension of life is affected? How is the social security policy affecting these conditions? As Brazilian national data mask regional differences, the paper also places attention on certain differences between the Northeast (the Brazilian poorest region) and the Southeast (the richest region in this process. In this paper, old age is considered to start at the age of 60. Four dimensions of elderly life are considered, to note: familial arrangements, health conditions, economic activities and income. This is considered taking into account the composition of this group by age and gender according to rural and urban areas. The main data analysed are those from the General Household Surveys (PNAD) of 1981 and 1999. Empirical evidence has shown that in Brazil the relationship between ageing and dependence is not so straightforward. It has shown that the Brazilian elderly are living longer and better. Based on these, one can say that their gains were substantial throughout the studied time period. Poverty and the proportion of elderly without any earnings whatsoever decreased dramatically. They were more marked for the elderly living in rural areas, especially among females. Nevertheless, there is less poverty among the elderly living in urban areas as well. Actually, there is less poverty in general among urban families. Relative better life conditions experienced by the elderly population are contrasted with the effects of the continuous economic crisis experienced by the Brazilian economy. This has affected the young population more through unemployment, violence, drugs, teen-age pregnancy, marital disruption, etc. Poverty increased among the non-elderly urban population aged 25 to 59. As a result, there has been an increase in the time adult children spend as dependents of their parents. The composition of the families with elderly living in has changed to become more complex than the expected “empty nest”. Summarizing, one can say that there has been a change of status for the elderly within their own families, modifying their traditional role of dependent to that of provider. Three factors have been important in enabling such a situation: the widespread coverage of social security, health policies and improvements in medical technology. Nevertheless, better life condition for the elderly has meant marked costs in terms of social security benefits and health policies. Concern with social security costs is a frequent theme in literature. Nevertheless, the unexpected effects of the spread of social security benefit coverage on the elderly and their families should not be neglected in any public policy evaluation. There are 13 million benefited families. This huge value characterises the social security policy as a modern social policy capable of reducing at lest partially, Brazilian poverty. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é discutir a relação entre envelhecimento e dependência e o papel das políticas sociais perante as condições de domicílio dos entrevistados. Pergunta-se se ser idoso hoje é diferente de ser idoso no passado. Se isto for verdade, quais as condições de vida que são afetadas? Como as políticas de previdência social estão afetando essas condições? Visto que os dados em nível nacional mascaram as diferenças regionais, as diferenças regionais entre o Nordeste e o Sudeste, neste processo, são levadas em conta. Considera-se como idoso a população de mais de 60 anos. Quatro dimensões de vida do idoso são observadas: arranjos familiares, condições de saúde, atividades econômicas e renda. Leva-se em conta, também, a composição deste grupo etário por idade e sexo de acordo com as áreas rurais e urbanas. Os dados analisados são os das PNADs de 1981 e 1999. A evidência empírica mostra que, no Brasil, a relação entre envelhecimento e dependência não é tão direta. Os idosos brasileiros em 1999 viviam melhor do que em 1981, isto medido em termos de renda, níveis de pobreza, condições de saúde e esperança de vida. A proporção de idosos pobres e sem nenhum rendimento decresceu substancialmente no período. O impacto foi maior entre a população rural e, em especial, a feminina. As melhores condições de vida da população idosa são contrastadas com os efeitos das freqüentes crises econômicas experimentadas pela população brasileira. Estas têm afetado mais a população jovem através de desemprego, violência, drogas, gravidez precoce, separações etc. O nível de pobreza cresceu entre a população de 25 a 59 anos. Como resultado, aumentou o tempo em que os filhos adultos passam na condição de dependentes de seus pais. A composição das famílias com idosos está se modificando para se tornar mais complexa do que o esperado “ninho vazio”. Sumariando, pode-se dizer que tem havido uma mudança de status do idoso dentro da família, dada a modificação do seu papel tradicional de dependente para o de provedor. Três fatores foram responsáveis para isto: a expansão da cobertura da seguridade social e das políticas de saúde e os avanços na tecnologia médica. Entretanto, melhores condições de vida para os idosos têm implicado custos elevados para a seguridade social e as políticas de saúde. Entretanto, os efeitos inesperados da expansão da cobertura da seguridade social não devem ser negligenciados em nenhuma avaliação de política pública. São 13 milhões de famílias beneficiadas. Esse valor é suficiente para caracterizar a política de seguridade social como uma política moderna capaz de reduzir, pelo menos parcialmente, a pobreza no Brasil.

Suggested Citation

  • Ana Amélia Camarano, 2015. "Brazilian Population Ageing: Differences in Well-being by Rural and Urban Areas," Discussion Papers 0113, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:0113
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Esther Duflo, 2003. "Grandmothers and Granddaughters: Old-Age Pensions and Intrahousehold Allocation in South Africa," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 17(1), pages 1-25, June.
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