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Efficient and Equitable Commodity Taxation: Micro-Simulations Based on an Estimated Brazilian Consumer Demand System

Author

Listed:
  • Seki Asano
  • Ana Luiza N. H. Barbosa
  • Eduardo P. S. Fiuza

Abstract

In this study we calculate the optimal commodity tax structure for Brazil. The micro-simulations are based on a complete demand system estimated with a flexible functional form [Almost Ideal Demand System, by Deaton and Muellbauer (1980)]. The data source is a 1995/96 national household budget survey. Preference parameters’ estimates are consistent with microeconomic demand theory and allow for a highly accurate optimal commodity tax simulation. The model features the maximization of a social welfare function, subject to a balanced government budget requirement. It is assumed that the only tax policy instrument available to the government is consumption goods’ and services’ taxation. The trade-off between equity and efficiency is taken into account by introducing the government’s aversion to inequality into the social welfare function. We also extend our analysis by allowing for a uniform per capita lumpsum payment to be made by the government to all households. Our results show that the commodity tax structure is characterized by selective tax rates. More specifically, we found that the commodities in which the lower household’s expenditure classes spend most, such as food and housing, should be subsidized. As expected, the degree of selectivity is more significant for higher inequality aversion parameters. Moreover, as the tax revenue goal increases, so do all commodity tax rates. By introducing a uniform lump-sum transfer, however, this result is reversed when the central planner’s degree of aversion to inequality is high enough. On the other hand, poll transfer levels are unreasonably high; when we cap them with a binding ceiling, the former pattern is restored. We believe that our empirical findings provide a valuable contribution for the current tax policy debate in Brazil, where distributive goals have a great importance in the agenda. O presente estudo tem como objetivo calcular a estrutura ótima da taxação de bens e serviços no Brasil. As simulações baseiam-se em um sistema de demanda de consumo brasileiro estimado com uma forma funcional flexível [Almost Ideal Demand System, de Deaton e Muellbauer (1980)]. As fontes de dados são as duas Pesquisas de Orçamento Familiar (POF) do IBGE, realizadas nos períodos 1986/87 e 1995/96, que coletaram dados das nove áreas metropolitanas, do Distrito Federal e do município de Goiânia. O modelo caracteriza-se pela maximização de uma função de bem-estar social, sujeita à restrição de receita do governo. O trade-off entre eqüidade e eficiência é considerado pela introdução de um parâmetro que indica o grau de aversão à desigualdade na função de bem-estar social. Além da hipótese de que o único instrumento de política tributária do governo seja a taxação de bens e serviços, o modelo também admite a concessão de uma transferência uniforme lump sum de renda per capita do governo para todos os agentes econômicos. Os resultados mostram que a estrutura de taxação de bens e serviços caracterizase pela seletividade das alíquotas e, em particular, que os bens que as classes de renda inferiores gastam mais, tais como alimentação e habitação, deveriam ser subsidiados. Como esperado, o grau de seletividade das alíquotas é mais significativo para valores altos do parâmetro de aversão à desigualdade. Esse resultado é revertido para uma estrutura de Ramsey tax quando é introduzida uma transferência uniforme lump sum. Por outro lado, quando impomos tetos bastante restritivos aos valores das transferências lump sum (que foram encontrados extremamente altos na estrutura ótima irrestrita), o primeiro resultado “anti- Ramsey” é restabelecido. O cálculo do imposto ótimo pode ser de contribuição valiosa para o atual debate da política tributária no Brasil onde, entre as prioridades, se encontram os objetivos redistributivos.

Suggested Citation

  • Seki Asano & Ana Luiza N. H. Barbosa & Eduardo P. S. Fiuza, 2015. "Efficient and Equitable Commodity Taxation: Micro-Simulations Based on an Estimated Brazilian Consumer Demand System," Discussion Papers 0107, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:0107
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    References listed on IDEAS

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