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Estaciones y Pruebas de Raíces Unitarias: Algunas Consideraciones Generales

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  • Hugo Oliveros C.

Abstract

Durante los últimos diez años los problemas que se han encontrado en la caracterización del componente de tendencia de las series macroeconómicas han sido grandes. Así lo confirma, por ejemplo, el polémico trabajo de Christiano y Eichenbaum (1989), y los "innumerables" artículos que sobre el tema de componentes de tendencia a raíces unitarias, se encuentran al hacer una revisión de literatura. Como lo señalan Campbell y Peron (1991) las dificultades que ofrece la estimación de modelos con variables que presentan tendencia estocástica están asociados con varios hechos, de los cuales sobresalen los siguientes: (i) las distribuciones teóricas estándar(1) no pueden ser utilizadas en pruebas de hipótesis que involucran a dichas series; (ii) la potencia de test en muestras pequeñas es limitada(2), (iii) los procedimientos de evaluación de la presencia de raíz unitaria de algunos casos pueden desarrollarse a partir de un proceso secuencial, lo que implica una pérdida de potencia en los test que podría deteriorarse, aún más, en la medida en que el investigador desconoce el verdadero DGP, (el verdadero proceso generador de los datos); (iv) la sobre (sub) parametrización del modelo para capturar componentes de tendencia determinística disminuye (aumenta) la potencia del test cuando se tiene como hipótesis alterna a un proceso estacionario. El propósito del presente documento es presentar, no sólo, una revisión de literatura sobre el tema de raíces unitarias, sino, introducir algunos elementos nuevos en la discusión, tratamiento y caracterización del componente estocástico de estacionalidad en series observadas a intervalos "regulares de tiempo". El documento ha sido dividido en 4 partes. En la segunda se presentan algunas consideraciones de carácter general que introducen algunos puntos básicos de la revisión de literatura. En la tercera se discute el problema de la caracterización de la tendencia, se introducen los test más utilizados, y se ilustran los problemas de las pruebas de raíz unitaria tradicionales al examinar series con doble raíz, pero a diferente frecuencia, o las dificultades de las pruebas con serie con una raíz estacional. Dentro de esta sección también se introducen las pruebas más utilizadas para comprobar la presencia de la estacionalidad: el test desarrollado por Hilleberg et all (1990) y conocido como el test de HEGY; la prueba de Hasza y Fuller (1982), HAFU, y una metodología multivariada, Francés (1993), para probar la existencia de integración periódica en series con sección, se presenta la aplicación de los test propuestos a series trimestrales colombianas además de algunas recomendaciones y conclusiones.

Suggested Citation

  • Hugo Oliveros C., 1995. "Estaciones y Pruebas de Raíces Unitarias: Algunas Consideraciones Generales," Borradores de Economia 2591, Banco de la Republica.
  • Handle: RePEc:col:000094:002591
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