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Revue de littérature sur l’incidence fiscale des taxes sur les entreprises

Author

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  • Julien Martin
  • Florian Mayneris

Abstract

In October 2021, 136 OECD countries and jurisdictions representing more than 90% of global GDP signed a landmark agreement on a major reform of the international tax system to ensure a minimum tax rate of 15% for multinational companies starting in 2023. The taxes paid by these large multinationals will increase, but who will suffer the consequences? Some multinationals have already indicated that they will raise the prices of their services in response to this reform, implying that part of the tax will be paid by consumers. Others suggest that they will negotiate down the prices paid to their suppliers, shifting the burden of the tax onto those third parties. Businesses may also respond by reducing wages, thereby shifting the burden of the tax onto their workforce. Finally, other businesses may choose to delocalize their operations. This example illustrates the difference between the statutory impact and the tax impact. From an accounting perspective, the tax is borne by those who pay it. This is called the statutory impact. But in reality, the party that pays a tax does not necessarily bear the cost. In other words, part of the tax burden will actually be borne by businesses, but part will be passed on to other economic agents. This is called tax incidence. This report provides a review of the most recent literature on the subject that will be very useful in thinking about the implementation of tax policies and their implications. The authors review the theoretical and empirical literature in detail and draw out nine key lessons regarding the impact of corporate income taxation, dividend taxation and payroll taxes. Impacts on prices, wages, investment and location decisions, and tax avoidance or tax optimization activities are examined. En octobre 2021, 136 pays et juridictions de l’OCDE représentant plus de 90 % du PIB mondial ont signé un accord historique portant sur une réforme majeure du système fiscal international afin de garantir l’application d’un taux d’imposition minimum de 15 % aux entreprises multinationales à compter de 2023. Les taxes payées par ces grandes multinationales vont donc augmenter, mais qui va en subir les conséquences? Certaines multinationales ont déjà indiqué qu’elles relèveraient les prix de leurs services en réponse à cette réforme, ce qui implique qu’une partie de la taxe sera financée par les consommateurs. D’autres laissent entendre qu’elles négocieront à la baisse les prix payés à leurs fournisseurs, reportant ainsi le poids de la taxe sur ces tierces parties. Les entreprises pourraient aussi réagir en réduisant les salaires, reportant ainsi le poids de la taxe sur leur main-d’œuvre. Enfin, d’autres entreprises pourraient choisir de délocaliser leurs activités. Cet exemple illustre la différence entre l’incidence statutaire et l’incidence fiscale. Du point de vue comptable, la taxe repose sur celles et ceux qui s’en acquittent. C’est ce qu’on appelle l’incidence statutaire. Mais dans les faits, la partie qui s’acquitte d’une taxe n’en supporte pas nécessairement le coût. Autrement dit, une partie de la charge fiscale sera effectivement supportée par les entreprises, mais une partie sera répercutée à d’autres agents économiques. C’est ce qu’on appelle l’incidence fiscale. Ce rapport propose une revue des écrits les plus récents sur le sujet qui sera très utile pour réfléchir à la mise en œuvre des politiques fiscales et à leurs implications. Les auteurs examinent en détail la littérature théorique et empirique et en tirent neuf principaux enseignements concernant l’incidence de l’imposition sur le revenu des sociétés, la taxation des dividendes et les taxes sur la masse salariale. Les impacts sur les prix, les salaires, les décisions d’investissement et de localisation, et les activités d’évitement fiscal ou d’optimisation fiscale sont examinés.

Suggested Citation

  • Julien Martin & Florian Mayneris, 2022. "Revue de littérature sur l’incidence fiscale des taxes sur les entreprises," CIRANO Project Reports 2022rp-06, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirpro:2022rp-06
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    File URL: https://cirano.qc.ca/files/publications/2022RP-06.pdf
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    impact; corporate income tax; payroll taxes; location choices; tax avoidance; incidence; impôt sur les sociétés; taxes sur la masse salariale; choix de localisation; évitement fiscal;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy; Modern Monetary Theory
    • H25 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Business Taxes and Subsidies
    • H26 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
    • F20 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - General

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