IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/bdr/borrec/1065.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Colombian liberalization and integration to world trade markets: Much ado about nothing

Author

Listed:
  • Freddy Cepeda-Lopez

    (Banco de la República de Colombia)

  • Fredy Gamboa-Estrada

    (Banco de la República de Colombia)

  • Carlos León

    (Banco de la República de Colombia)

  • Hernán Rincón-Castro

    (Banco de la República de Colombia)

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to study the evolution of Colombian liberalization and integration to world trade from 1995 to 2016. We achieve our objective by measuring Colombia’s importance in the world trade network. We employ several types of network centrality metrics to measure importance (i.e. degree, strength, hub, authority), and examine their dynamics against a set of regional peers that serve as benchmark countries. Consistent with previous literature, more than two decades of dedicated trade policies and institutional changes resulted in increased exports and imports. However, when compared to regional peers such as Chile, Brazil, Mexico, and Peru, and China and the United States as trade leading countries, Colombia’s centrality in the world trade network did not improve accordingly. Absolute changes in the evolution of trade did not materialize in an enhanced integration to world markets. Colombia’s ranking in the world trade network did not improve materially, whereas that of some of her regional peers did manifestly (i.e. Peru and Chile). Results highlight the perils of analyzing a country’s trade dynamics in isolation, and emphasizes the usefulness of examining the world trade network. From the economic policy and institutional perspectives, results underscore the challenges ahead to better integrate to world markets and to achieve long-term economic growth from trade. **** RESUMEN: El objetivo del documento es estudiar la evolución de la apertura e integración de Colombia al comercio mundial entre 1995 y 2016 y evaluar su importancia en la red de comercio mundial. El documento emplea varios tipos de métricas de centralidad de red (es decir, grado, valor de los flujos de comercio, centro, autoridad), y examina su dinámica y las compara con las de pares regionales que sirven como países de referencia. De acuerdo con la literatura colombiana, más de dos décadas de políticas comerciales y cambios institucionales resultaron en un aumento de las exportaciones e importaciones. Sin embargo, en comparación con Chile, Brasil, México y Perú, y China y Estados Unidos como países líderes en el comercio mundial, la centralidad de Colombia en la red mundial no mejoró. Los cambios absolutos en los flujos de exportaciones e importaciones no se materializaron en una mayor integración a los mercados mundiales. La posición de Colombia en la red de comercio mundial no mejoró sustancialmente, mientras que la de algunos de sus pares regionales sí lo hizo (es decir, Perú y Chile). Desde una perspectiva de política económica e institucional, los resultados resaltan los desafíos futuros de Colombia para integrarse mejor en los mercados mundiales y lograr un mayor crecimiento económico de largo plazo derivado del comercio internacional.

Suggested Citation

  • Freddy Cepeda-Lopez & Fredy Gamboa-Estrada & Carlos León & Hernán Rincón-Castro, 2019. "Colombian liberalization and integration to world trade markets: Much ado about nothing," Borradores de Economia 1065, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
  • Handle: RePEc:bdr:borrec:1065
    DOI: 10.32468/be.1065.pdf?sequence=10&isAllowed=y
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.32468/be.1065
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.32468/be.1065.pdf?sequence=10&isAllowed=y?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Giorgio Fagiolo & Javier Reyes & Stefano Schiavo, 2010. "The evolution of the world trade web: a weighted-network analysis," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 20(4), pages 479-514, August.
    2. Davide Del Prete & Giorgia Giovannetti & Enrico Marvasi, 2017. "Global value chains participation and productivity gains for North African firms," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 153(4), pages 675-701, November.
    3. León, Carlos & Machado, Clara & Sarmiento, Miguel, 2018. "Identifying central bank liquidity super-spreaders in interbank funds networks," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 75-92.
    4. David H. Romer & Jeffrey A. Frankel, 1999. "Does Trade Cause Growth?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 89(3), pages 379-399, June.
    5. Helian Xu & Jing Qin, 2015. "The structure and nodes’ role of the world coal trade network," Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(1), pages 33-49, January.
    6. Fernández-Stark, Karina & Bamber, Penny & Gereffi, Gary, 2014. "Global value chains in Latin America: A development perspective for upgrading," Libros de la CEPAL, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), number 37177.
    7. Edwards, Sebastian, 1998. "Openness, Productivity and Growth: What Do We Really Know?," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 108(447), pages 383-398, March.
    8. Gabriel J. Felbermayr, 2005. "Dynamic Panel Data Evidence on the Trade-Income Relation," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 141(4), pages 583-611, December.
    9. Gene M. Grossman & Esteban Rossi-Hansberg, 2008. "Trading Tasks: A Simple Theory of Offshoring," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 98(5), pages 1978-1997, December.
    10. De Benedictis Luca & Nenci Silvia & Santoni Gianluca & Tajoli Lucia & Vicarelli Claudio, 2014. "Network Analysis of World Trade using the BACI-CEPII Dataset," Global Economy Journal, De Gruyter, vol. 14(3-4), pages 1-57, October.
    11. De Backer, Koen & Miroudot, Sébastien, 2014. "Mapping global value chains," Libros de la CEPAL, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), number 37176.
    12. Jorge García García & María Mercedes Collazos & Enrique Montes Uribe, 2015. "Las instituciones en el sector externo colombiano: ¿Apoyo o escollo al comercio?," Borradores de Economia 889, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
    13. Awokuse, Titus O. & Christopoulos, Dimitris K., 2009. "Nonlinear dynamics and the exports-output growth nexus," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 26(1), pages 184-190, January.
    14. Javier Reyes & Stefano Schiavo & Giorgio Fagiolo, 2010. "Using complex networks analysis to assess the evolution of international economic integration: The cases of East Asia and Latin America," The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(2), pages 215-239.
    15. Dingemans, Alfonso & Ross, César, 2012. "Free trade agreements in Latin America since 1990: an evaluation of export diversification," Revista CEPAL, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), December.
    16. -, 2014. "Global value chains and world trade: Prospects and challenges for Latin America," Libros de la CEPAL, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), number 37041 edited by Eclac.
    17. Dollar, David, 1992. "Outward-Oriented Developing Economies Really Do Grow More Rapidly: Evidence from 95 LDCs, 1976-1985," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 40(3), pages 523-544, April.
    18. Greif,Avner, 2006. "Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521671347, January.
    19. David Dollar & Aart Kraay, 2004. "Trade, Growth, and Poverty," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 114(493), pages 22-49, February.
    20. David Camilo López & Enrique López Enciso & Enrique Montes, 2015. "Colombia en el comercio mundial (1992-2012): desempeño de las exportaciones colombianas," Borradores de Economia 885, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
    21. Lorenzo Cassi & Andrea Morrison & Anne L.J. Ter Wal, 2012. "The Evolution of Trade and Scientific Collaboration Networks in the Global Wine Sector: A Longitudinal Study Using Network Analysis," Economic Geography, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 88(3), pages 311-334, July.
    22. Chiara Criscuolo & Jonathan Timmis, 2018. "The Changing Structure of Global Value Chains: Are Central Hubs Key for Productivity?," International Productivity Monitor, Centre for the Study of Living Standards, vol. 34, pages 64-80, Spring.
    23. Tim Kastelle & Peter W. Liesch, 2013. "The Importance of Trade in Economic Development," International Studies of Management & Organization, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(2), pages 6-29, January.
    24. Tito Yepes & Juan Mauricio Ramírez & Leonardo Villar & Juliana Aguilar, 2013. "Infraestructura de transporte en Colombia," Cuadernos de Fedesarrollo 11563, Fedesarrollo.
    25. Giorgia Giovannetti & Enrico Marvasi & Marco Sanfilippo, 2015. "Supply chains and the internationalization of small firms," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 44(4), pages 845-865, April.
    26. Richard Baldwin, 2011. "Trade And Industrialisation After Globalisation's 2nd Unbundling: How Building And Joining A Supply Chain Are Different And Why It Matters," NBER Working Papers 17716, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    27. Aarón Levi Garavito-Acosta & Enrique Montes-Uribe & Jorge Hernán Toro-Córdoba & Camila Agudelo-Rivera & Viviana A. Corredor-Alfonso & Álvaro Carmona-Duarte & María Mercedes Collazos-Gaitán & Camilo Go, 2020. "Ingresos externos corrientes de Colombia: desempeno exportador, avances y retos," Revista ESPE - Ensayos Sobre Política Económica, Banco de la República, issue 95, pages 1-81, July.
    28. Krueger, Anne O, 1998. "Why Trade Liberalisation Is Good for Growth," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 108(450), pages 1513-1522, September.
    29. Ms. Kimberly Beaton & Aliona Cebotari & Xiaodan Ding & Andras Komaromi, 2017. "Trade Integration in Latin America: A Network Perspective," IMF Working Papers 2017/148, International Monetary Fund.
    30. Raja Kali & Javier Reyes, 2007. "The architecture of globalization: a network approach to international economic integration," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 38(4), pages 595-620, July.
    31. Rahul Giri & Mr. Saad N Quayyum & Rujun Yin, 2019. "Understanding Export Diversification: Key Drivers and Policy Implications," IMF Working Papers 2019/105, International Monetary Fund.
    32. Jorge García & David Camilo López & Enrique Montes Uribe & Pilar Esguerra Umaña, 2014. "Una visión general de la política comercial colombiana entre 1950 y 2012," Borradores de Economia 11188, Banco de la Republica.
    33. Gereffi, Gary, 1999. "International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 37-70, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Marco Due~nas & V'ictor Ortiz & Massimo Riccaboni & Francesco Serti, 2021. "Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Trade: a Machine Learning Counterfactual Analysis," Papers 2104.04570, arXiv.org.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Luca Salvatici & Silvia Nenci, 2017. "New features, forgotten costs and counterfactual gains of the international trading system," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 44(4), pages 592-633.
    2. Freddy Cepeda-López & Fredy Gamboa-Estrada & Carlos León & Hernán Rincón-Castro, 2019. "The evolution of world trade from 1995 to 2014: A network approach," The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(4), pages 452-485, May.
    3. Tarlok Singh, 2010. "Does International Trade Cause Economic Growth? A Survey," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(11), pages 1517-1564, November.
    4. Leonid Azarnert, 2014. "Agricultural Exports, Tariffs and Growth," Open Economies Review, Springer, vol. 25(4), pages 797-807, September.
    5. João Amador & Sónia Cabral, 2017. "Networks of Value-added Trade," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(7), pages 1291-1313, July.
    6. Marlies Hanna Schütz & Nicole Palan, 2016. "Restructuring of the international clothing and textile trade network: the role of Italy and Portugal," Journal of Economic Structures, Springer;Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS), vol. 5(1), pages 1-29, December.
    7. Rangan Gupta & Lardo Stander & Andrea Vaona, 2023. "Openness and growth: Is the relationship non‐linear?," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(3), pages 3071-3099, July.
    8. T. Gries & M. Redlin, 2020. "Trade and economic development: global causality and development- and openness-related heterogeneity," International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, vol. 17(4), pages 923-944, October.
    9. Pierluigi Montalbano & Silvia Nenci & Carlo Pietrobelli, 2018. "Opening and linking up: firms, GVCs, and productivity in Latin America," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 50(4), pages 917-935, April.
    10. Nathaniel P. S. Cook & Jason C. Jones, 2021. "The African Growth and Opportunity Act and growth in sub‐Saharan Africa: A local projection approach," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(1), pages 234-261, January.
    11. Harrison, Ann & Rodríguez-Clare, Andrés, 2010. "Trade, Foreign Investment, and Industrial Policy for Developing Countries," Handbook of Development Economics, in: Dani Rodrik & Mark Rosenzweig (ed.), Handbook of Development Economics, edition 1, volume 5, chapter 0, pages 4039-4214, Elsevier.
    12. João Amador & Sónia Cabral & Rossana Mastrandrea & Franco Ruzzenenti, 2018. "Who’s Who in Global Value Chains? A Weighted Network Approach," Open Economies Review, Springer, vol. 29(5), pages 1039-1059, November.
    13. -, 2014. "International trade and inclusive development: Building synergies," Libros y Documentos Institucionales, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), number 37040 edited by Eclac.
    14. Kuo-Hsing Kuo & Cheng-Te Lee & Chen Fang, 2014. "Free Trade and Economic Growth," Australian Economic Papers, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 53(1-2), pages 69-76, June.
    15. Rao, B. Bhaskara & Vadlamannati, Krishna Chaitanya, 2011. "Globalization and growth in the low income African countries with the extreme bounds analysis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 795-805, May.
    16. Nenci, Silvia & Fusacchia, Ilaria & Giunta, Anna & Montalbano, Pierluigi & Pietrobelli, Carlo, 2022. "Mapping global value chain participation and positioning in agriculture and food: stylised facts, empirical evidence and critical issues," Bio-based and Applied Economics Journal, Italian Association of Agricultural and Applied Economics (AIEAA), vol. 11(2), July.
    17. Lee, Jim, 2011. "Export specialization and economic growth around the world," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 45-63, March.
    18. Rahman, Tauhidur & Mittelhammer, Ronald C., 2006. "Measuring the Impact of Globalization on the Well-being of the Poor: Methodology and an Application to Africa," 2006 Annual meeting, July 23-26, Long Beach, CA 21100, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
    19. Bos, J.W.B. & Economidou, C. & Koetter, M. & Kolari, J.W., 2010. "Do all countries grow alike?," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(1), pages 113-127, January.
    20. Hur, Jung & Park, Cheolbeom, 2012. "Do Free Trade Agreements Increase Economic Growth of the Member Countries?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 40(7), pages 1283-1294.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Colombia; foreign trade; centrality; network analysis; world trade network; Colombia; comercio exterior; centralidad; análisis de redes; red de comercio mundial;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade
    • F15 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Economic Integration
    • C45 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics - - - Neural Networks and Related Topics
    • C63 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling - - - Computational Techniques

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bdr:borrec:1065. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Clorith Angélica Bahos Olivera (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/brcgvco.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.