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L’essor des classes moyennes dans les pays en développement et émergents : une étude comparative des enjeux d’identification, de caractérisation et de politiques publiques

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  • Jean-Philippe BERROU
  • Matthieu CLÉMENT
  • François COMBARNOUS
  • Dominique DARBON
  • Yves-André FAURE
  • Éric ROUGIER

Abstract

La densification rapide des groupes à revenu intermédiaire dans les économies en développement est certainement un événement majeur du début du 21ème siècle (Kharas, 2010). Ce projet de recherche a pour objectif de proposer un examen approfondi des classes moyennes, de leurs caractéristiques, comportements, aspirations et attentes, ainsi que des implications de leur essor en matière de design des politiques publiques. L’étude porte sur quatre pays, le Brésil, la Côte d’Ivoire, la Turquie et le Vietnam, présentant des niveaux et trajectoires de développement différents. Premièrement, les résultats montrent qu’il est délicat, dans une perspective comparative, d’établir une délimitation monétaire commune des classes moyennes de revenu. Compte tenu des différences de niveau de développement économique entre les pays, les intervalles monétaires pertinents doivent être adaptés à la réalité de la distribution locale des revenus afin de rendre comparable les ménages des classes moyennes. En dépit de différences considérables de revenu, les classes moyennes s’apparentent bien à des classes de consommation, ce qui se traduit par des dépenses de consommation élevés qui se déplacent et se diversifient vers l’éducation, le logement et la santé. La relative satisfaction des besoins immédiats autorise la formulation d’aspirations à la promotion de soi et des siens, qui sont partout associées à une valorisation de l’effort individuel. Ensuite, au-delà de ces éléments de proximité, l’étude comparative souligne la forte hétérogénéité interne de chaque classe moyenne nationale, notamment au regard des différences significatives qui existent entre elles en termes de statut dans l’emploi, de niveau d’éducation ou de revenu. Chaque ensemble national se caractérise par l’existence de quatre à six groupes bien spécifiques pouvant s’expliquer par l’historicité des trajectoires propres à chaque société. Les différentes classes moyennes nationales entretiennent des rapports ambigus et complexes avec l’Etat, le pouvoir et les politiques publiques. D’un côté, la très forte hétérogénéité socio-économique des classes moyennes nationales limite leur capacité d’organisation collective et d’influence politique. D’un autre côté, l’étude constate l’absence de politique officielle et globale de promotion de la classe moyenne en tant que groupe social dont l’influence pourrait être reconnue stratégique dans la trajectoire présente et future de développement économique.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Philippe BERROU & Matthieu CLÉMENT & François COMBARNOUS & Dominique DARBON & Yves-André FAURE & Éric ROUGIER, 2019. "L’essor des classes moyennes dans les pays en développement et émergents : une étude comparative des enjeux d’identification, de caractérisation et de politiques publiques," Working Paper d25da1cf-d9d8-4336-9930-b, Agence française de développement.
  • Handle: RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr9310
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    Cited by:

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    2. Stéphanie LEYRONAS & Julien CALAS, 2019. "Development Practices: Building New Equilibriums within the Commons-State-Market System," Working Paper 3c9b70fa-29da-4c95-ae1b-c, Agence française de développement.

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    Keywords

    Côte d'Ivoire; Brésil; Vietnam; Turquie;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics

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