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Pipeline capacity and the dynamics of Alberta crude oil price spreads

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  • Gregory Galay
  • Henry Thille

Abstract

We investigate the effect of binding pipeline capacity on price spreads between crude oil in Alberta, Canada, and competing crude oils in export markets at the other end of the pipeline. Our goal is to determine whether these price spreads are consistent with capacity‐constrained spatial arbitrage models by estimating Markov switching models of the price spreads for both heavy and light crude oil. Our results for heavy crude oil agree with the theory: we find one regime with both a low mean and a low variance, consistent with sufficient pipeline capacity, and another regime with both a higher mean and a higher variance, consistent with constrained pipeline capacity. The difference in mean spreads between regimes then provides an estimate of the mean shadow price of capacity. Price spreads for light crude oil do not display significant differences in mean spreads across regimes, suggesting that pipeline capacity constraints are less important for this commodity. Comparing our results with pipeline capacity data, we find that tight capacity is not always associated with large price spreads. Capacité pipelinière et dynamique des écarts de prix du pétrole brut de l'Alberta. Dans cet article, nous étudions l'effet de la capacité de liaison des pipelines sur les écarts de prix entre le pétrole brut de l'Alberta au Canada et les pétroles bruts concurrents sur les marchés d'exportation à l'autre bout du réseau. En estimant des modèles à changements markoviens sur les écarts de prix entre le pétrole brut léger et le pétrole brut lourd, notre objectif est de déterminer si de tels écarts sont cohérents avec les modèles d'arbitrage spatial corrélés à des capacités de transport restreintes. Nos résultats concernant le pétrole lourd sont conformes à la théorie : nous constatons un régime avec à la fois une moyenne et une variance faibles, en cohérence avec une capacité pipelinière suffisante, et un autre régime avec à la fois une moyenne et une variance plus élevées en cohérence avec une capacité pipelinière restreinte. La différence d'écarts moyens entre les deux régimes permet d'évaluer le prix implicite moyen lié à la capacité de transport. Les écarts de prix pour le brut léger ne présentent pas de différences notables relativement aux écarts moyens d'un régime à l'autre, laissant à penser que les contraintes en matière de capacité pipelinière sont moins importantes pour ce type de pétrole. En comparant nos résultats avec des données relatives à la capacité pipelinière, nous constatons qu'une capacité limitée n'est pas toujours synonyme d'écarts de prix élevés.

Suggested Citation

  • Gregory Galay & Henry Thille, 2021. "Pipeline capacity and the dynamics of Alberta crude oil price spreads," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 54(3), pages 1072-1102, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:54:y:2021:i:3:p:1072-1102
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12530
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    1. Brandon Schaufele & Jennifer Winter, 2023. "Production Controls in Heavy Oil and Bitumen Markets: Surplus Transfer Due to Alberta’s Curtailment Policy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-24, January.

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