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The incidence of income taxes on high earners in Canada

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  • Stephen Gordon

Abstract

This article explores the “brain drain” explanation for the concentration of incomes in Canada during the past 30 years, namely, that high‐skilled Canadians make use of high salaries on offer in the United States to extract higher salaries at home. If this is the case, then for a given level of US salaries, the threat to accept outside offers should be more credible when the Canadian dollar is depreciating against the US dollar, and weaker when the Canadian dollar is appreciating. The data are broadly consistent with this claim: income concentration worsened during the depreciations of the 1980s and 1990s, and eased when the Canadian dollar began to appreciate in value. The article develops a simple two‐parameter model based on the propositions that high earners in Canada can use US salaries to bargain for higher salaries, and that Canadian high earners can shelter part of their income from personal income taxes. It also offers some preliminary evidence about the parameter values consistent with available data. The results suggest that higher top marginal personal income tax rates may potentially accentuate top‐end after‐tax income inequality. If high earners are able to use their bargaining power to extract pay increases to offset higher tax rates, then the burden of increased personal income taxes will be deflected elsewhere, and may even have the perverse effect of making the after‐tax income distribution more unequal than it was before. L’incidence des impôts sur le revenu des hauts salariés au Canada. Cet article examine l’hypothèse des produits de base produits de base produits de base produits de base produits de base fuites des cerveaux comme explication pour la concentration des revenus au Canada pendant les dernières décennées, c’est à dire, que les canadiens hautement qualifiés se servent des salaires offerts aux États‐Unis pour négocier des salaires plus élevés au Canada. Si tel est le cas, la menace d’émigrer aux États‐Unis est plus crédible lorsque le dollar canadien déprécie contre le dollar américain, et elle est moins crédible pendant une appréciation. Les grandes lignes des variations des données vont dans le sens de cette conjecture : la concentration des revenus a accru pendant les dépréciations des années 1980 et 1990, et cette tendance a renversé la direction suite à l’appréciation du dollar canadien. L’article développe un modèle à deux paramètres basé sur les propositions que les hauts salariés au Canada peuvent utiliser les salaires aux États‐Unis afin de négocier des salaires plus élevés, et que les hauts salariés se servent de la planification fiscale afin de mettre une partie de leurs revenus à l’abri des impôts. Des estimations préliminaires pour les paramêtres sont présentées. Les résultats suggèrent qu’une augmentation du taux marginal d’imposition pourrait même accentuer l’inégalité des revenus après impôts. Si les hauts salariés sont capables de négocier des salaires plus élevés face aux augmentations des taux d’imposition, le fardeau du nouvel impôt serait refilé ailleurs. La distribution des revenus nets pourrait même devenir encore plus inégale.

Suggested Citation

  • Stephen Gordon, 2020. "The incidence of income taxes on high earners in Canada," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 53(2), pages 437-459, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:53:y:2020:i:2:p:437-459
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12433
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    1. Markina Oksana, 2022. "Taxation, Inequality, and Poverty: Evidence from Ukraine," Central European Economic Journal, Sciendo, vol. 9(56), pages 1-18, January.

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