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What do Europeans Believe to be the Causes of Poverty? A Multilevel Analysis of Heterogeneity Within and Between Countries

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  • Leonor Costa
  • José Dias

Abstract

People’s explanations for why some individuals are poor are of great importance to a comprehensive study of poverty. This cross-cultural study aims to profile differences and similarities in perceptions of the causes of poverty within and between 28 European Union countries. Multilevel models were estimated to allow two levels of analysis to be studied simultaneously, namely the individual and the country, and a multilevel latent class model was selected with six classes of countries and seven classes of individuals. Despite the generalization of the social explanations of poverty at the individual level, some groups also blame the poor for their situation. Individuals in greater economic difficulty attributed more social causes to poverty than those who were better off financially and socially. At the country level, the most developed countries believe poverty has individualistic and fatalistic causes, whereas the least developed countries explain poverty based on the injustices of society. We found that this methodology permits a deeper and richer analysis than traditional clustering methods as it accounts for different nested levels of analysis simultaneously. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015

Suggested Citation

  • Leonor Costa & José Dias, 2015. "What do Europeans Believe to be the Causes of Poverty? A Multilevel Analysis of Heterogeneity Within and Between Countries," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 122(1), pages 1-20, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:soinre:v:122:y:2015:i:1:p:1-20
    DOI: 10.1007/s11205-014-0672-0
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    3. Miki Malul, 2019. "Poverty and Social Policy: Perceptions Versus Reality," Poverty & Public Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(4), pages 291-301, December.
    4. Ildikó Husz & Marianna Kopasz & Márton Medgyesi, 2022. "Social Workers’ Causal Attributions for Poverty: Does the Level of Spatial Concentration of Disadvantages Matter?," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 162(3), pages 1069-1091, August.
    5. Şansel Özpinar & Sacit Hadi Akdede, 2022. "Determinants of the Attribution of Poverty in Turkey: An Empirical Analysis," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 164(2), pages 949-967, November.
    6. Di Mari, Roberto & Bakk, Zsuzsa & Oser, Jennifer & Kuha, Jouni, 2023. "A two-step estimator for multilevel latent class analysis with covariates," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 119994, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    7. José G. Dias & Graça Trindade, 2016. "The Europeans’ Expectations of Competition Effects in Passenger Rail Transport: A Cross-National Multilevel Analysis," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 129(3), pages 1383-1399, December.
    8. Silvia COJANU & Cristina STROE, 2017. "Causes of Poverty – What Do the Poor Think? Poverty Attribution and Its Behavioural Effects," Book chapters-LUMEN Proceedings, in: Camelia Ignatescu & Antonio SANDU & Tomita CIULEI (ed.), Rethinking Social Action. Core Values in Practice, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 18, pages 186-197, Editura Lumen.
    9. Liu, Yue & Shuai, Chuanmin & Zhou, Huimin, 2017. "How to identify poor immigrants? - An empirical study of the Three Gorges Reservoir in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 311-326.
    10. Salem , Ali Asghar & Bayat , Neda, 2018. "Factors Influencing Poverty in Iran Using a Multilevel Approach," Journal of Money and Economy, Monetary and Banking Research Institute, Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, vol. 13(1), pages 81-106, January.

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