IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/rvmgts/v16y2022i3d10.1007_s11846-021-00457-w.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Entrepreneurial orientation and new venture performance in emerging markets: the mediating role of opportunity recognition

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Anwar

    (Witten/Herdecke University)

  • Thomas Clauss

    (Witten/Herdecke University)

  • Wunnam Basit Issah

    (Witten/Herdecke University)

Abstract

How entrepreneurial orientation facilitates the identification of new opportunities in newly established ventures in emerging economies remains largely unexplored. Approaching entrepreneurial orientation as a second order latent construct, we examined the mediating role of opportunity recognition on new venture performance. Using a survey data from 316 SMEs, the results of the analysis in SmartPLS highlights that entrepreneurial orientation indirectly contributes to the performance of new ventures, where the relationship is partially mediated by opportunity recognition. The findings show that firms with high entrepreneurial orientation can identify and exploit new opportunities as well as enjoy superior performance.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Anwar & Thomas Clauss & Wunnam Basit Issah, 2022. "Entrepreneurial orientation and new venture performance in emerging markets: the mediating role of opportunity recognition," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 16(3), pages 769-796, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:spr:rvmgts:v:16:y:2022:i:3:d:10.1007_s11846-021-00457-w
    DOI: 10.1007/s11846-021-00457-w
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11846-021-00457-w
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s11846-021-00457-w?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Rodney Runyan & Cornelia Droge & Jane Swinney, 2008. "Entrepreneurial Orientation versus Small Business Orientation: What Are Their Relationships to Firm Performance?," Journal of Small Business Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 46(4), pages 567-588, October.
    2. Chari, Murali D.R. & Banalieva, Elitsa R., 2015. "How do pro-market reforms impact firm profitability? The case of India under reform," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 357-367.
    3. Najoua Dali & Sana Harbi, 2016. "The Effect of Risk Perception and Cognitive Biases on the Evaluation of Opportunity in Family and Non-Family Entrepreneurs: The Case of Tunisian Entrepreneurs," Journal of Enterprising Culture (JEC), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 24(03), pages 281-312, September.
    4. Filser, Matthias & Eggers, Fabian & Kraus, Sascha & Málovic, Éva, 2014. "The effect of financial resource availability on entrepreneurial orientation, customer orientation and firm performance in an international context: an empirical analysis from Austria and Hungaria," Journal of East European Management Studies, Rainer Hampp Verlag, vol. 19(1), pages 7-30.
    5. Jeffrey G. Covin & William J. Wales, 2012. "The Measurement of Entrepreneurial Orientation," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 36(4), pages 677-702, July.
    6. Donbesuur, Francis & Boso, Nathaniel & Hultman, Magnus, 2020. "The effect of entrepreneurial orientation on new venture performance: Contingency roles of entrepreneurial actions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 150-161.
    7. Salman Ali & Guihua Li & Ping Yang & Kramat Hussain & Yousaf Latif, 2020. "Unpacking the importance of intangible skills in new product development and sustainable business performance; strategies for marketing managers," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(9), pages 1-26, September.
    8. Cepeda Carrión, Gabriel & Henseler, Jörg & Ringle, Christian M. & Roldán, José Luis, 2016. "Prediction-oriented modeling in business research by means of PLS path modeling: Introduction to a JBR special section," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(10), pages 4545-4551.
    9. Wright, Richard W. & Etemad, Hamid, 2001. "SMEs and the global economy," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 7(3), pages 151-154.
    10. Vishal K. Gupta & Suman Niranjan & Erik Markin, 2020. "Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: the mediating role of generative and acquisitive learning through customer relationships," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 14(5), pages 1123-1147, October.
    11. Lumpkin, G. T. & Dess, Gregory G., 2001. "Linking two dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation to firm performance: The moderating role of environment and industry life cycle," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 429-451, September.
    12. Mathew Hughes & Fabian Eggers & Sascha Kraus & Paul Hughes, 2015. "The relevance of slack resource availability and networking effectiveness for entrepreneurial orientation," International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 26(1), pages 116-138.
    13. Filser, Matthias & Eggers, Fabian & Kraus, Sascha & Málovic, Éva, 2014. "The effect of financial resource availability on entrepreneurial orientation, customer orientation and firm performance in an international context: an empirical analysis from Austria and Hungaria," Journal of East European Management Studies, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, vol. 19(1), pages 7-30.
    14. Hofstede, G., 2006. "What did GLOBE really measure? Researchers' minds versus respondents' minds," Other publications TiSEM 53fc2049-e658-4cff-a440-4, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    15. Muslim Amin & Ramayah Thurasamy & Abdullah M. Aldakhil & Aznur Hafeez Bin Kaswuri, 2016. "The effect of market orientation as a mediating variable in the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and SMEs performance," Nankai Business Review International, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 7(1), pages 39-59, March.
    16. Sarstedt, Marko & Ringle, Christian M. & Smith, Donna & Reams, Russell & Hair, Joseph F., 2014. "Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): A useful tool for family business researchers," Journal of Family Business Strategy, Elsevier, vol. 5(1), pages 105-115.
    17. Muhammad Anwar, 2018. "BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION AND SMEs PERFORMANCE — DOES COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE MEDIATE?," International Journal of Innovation Management (ijim), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 22(07), pages 1-31, October.
    18. Ferris, Stephen P. & Javakhadze, David & Rajkovic, Tijana, 2017. "CEO social capital, risk-taking and corporate policies," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 46-71.
    19. Ronit Yitshaki & Fredric Kropp, 2016. "Entrepreneurial passions and identities in different contexts: a comparison between high-tech and social entrepreneurs," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(3-4), pages 206-233, March.
    20. Zhou, Kevin Zheng & Li, Caroline Bingxin, 2010. "How strategic orientations influence the building of dynamic capability in emerging economies," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 63(3), pages 224-231, March.
    21. Yongbin Zhao & Yuan Li & Soo Hoon Lee & Long Bo Chen, 2011. "Entrepreneurial Orientation, Organizational Learning, and Performance: Evidence from China," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 35(2), pages 293-317, March.
    22. Wiklund, Johan & Shepherd, Dean, 2005. "Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: a configurational approach," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 20(1), pages 71-91, January.
    23. Roland Helm & Oliver Mauroner & Michael Dowling, 2010. "Innovation as mediator between entrepreneurial orientation and spin-off venture performance," International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 11(4), pages 472-491.
    24. Zhongfeng Su & En Xie & Yuan Li, 2011. "Entrepreneurial Orientation and Firm Performance in New Ventures and Established Firms," Journal of Small Business Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(4), pages 558-577, October.
    25. Nerine Mary George & Vinit Parida & Tom Lahti & Joakim Wincent, 2016. "A systematic literature review of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition: insights on influencing factors," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 12(2), pages 309-350, June.
    26. Vinit Parida & Tom Lahti & Joakim Wincent, 2016. "Exploration and exploitation and firm performance variability: a study of ambidexterity in entrepreneurial firms," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 12(4), pages 1147-1164, December.
    27. John C. Dencker & Marc Gruber, 2015. "The effects of opportunities and founder experience on new firm performance," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(7), pages 1035-1052, July.
    28. Andreas Rauch & Johan Wiklund & G.T. Lumpkin & Michael Frese, 2009. "Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Performance: An Assessment of past Research and Suggestions for the Future," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 33(3), pages 761-787, May.
    29. Danny Miller & Peter H. Friesen, 1978. "Archetypes of Strategy Formulation," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 24(9), pages 921-933, May.
    30. Pankaj C. Patel & Marko Kohtamäki & Vinit Parida & Joakim Wincent, 2015. "Entrepreneurial orientation-as-experimentation and firm performance: The enabling role of absorptive capacity," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(11), pages 1739-1749, November.
    31. repec:rai:joeems:doi:10.1688/jeems_2014_01_filser is not listed on IDEAS
    32. David J. Hansen & Rodney Shrader & Javier Monllor, 2011. "Defragmenting Definitions of Entrepreneurial Opportunity," Journal of Small Business Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(2), pages 283-304, April.
    33. Xiaoyu Yu & Yajie Li & Zhongfeng Su & Yida Tao & Bang Nguyen & Fan Xia, 2020. "Entrepreneurial bricolage and its effects on new venture growth and adaptiveness in an emerging economy," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 37(4), pages 1141-1163, December.
    34. Cuiping Ma & Jibao Gu & Hefu Liu, 2017. "Entrepreneurs’ passion and new venture performance in China," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 13(4), pages 1043-1068, December.
    35. Syeda Tamkeen Fatima, 2017. "Globalization and technology adoption: evidence from emerging economies," The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(6), pages 724-758, August.
    36. Prashantham, Shameen & Kumar, K & Bhattacharyya, Sumelika, 2019. "International New Ventures from Emerging Economies: Network Connectivity and Legitimacy Building," Management and Organization Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 15(3), pages 615-641, September.
    37. Ghosh, B. C. & Liang, Tan Wee & Meng, Tan Teck & Chan, Ben, 2001. "The key success factors, distinctive capabilities, and strategic thrusts of top SMEs in Singapore," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 51(3), pages 209-221, March.
    38. Paul Schneider, 2018. "Managerial challenges of Industry 4.0: an empirically backed research agenda for a nascent field," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 12(3), pages 803-848, July.
    39. Muhammad Anwar & Sher Zaman Khan & Najib Ullah Khan, 2018. "Intellectual Capital, Entrepreneurial Strategy and New Ventures Performance: Mediating Role of Competitive Advantage," Business & Economic Review, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan, vol. 10(1), pages 63-94, March.
    40. Muslim Amin & Ramayah Thurasamy & Abdullah M. Aldakhil & Aznur Hafeez Bin Kaswuri, 2016. "The effect of market orientation as a mediating variable in the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and SMEs performance," Nankai Business Review International, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 7(1), pages 39-59, March.
    41. David J. Teece, 2007. "Explicating dynamic capabilities: the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(13), pages 1319-1350, December.
    42. Cardon, Melissa S. & Gregoire, Denis A. & Stevens, Christopher E. & Patel, Pankaj C., 2013. "Measuring entrepreneurial passion: Conceptual foundations and scale validation," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 373-396.
    43. Carlos Devece & D. Enrique Ribeiro-Soriano & Daniel Palacios-Marqués, 2019. "Coopetition as the new trend in inter-firm alliances: literature review and research patterns," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 13(2), pages 207-226, April.
    44. Zahra, Shaker A. & Garvis, Dennis M., 2000. "International corporate entrepreneurship and firm performance: The moderating effect of international environmental hostility," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 15(5-6), pages 469-492.
    45. Nambisan, Satish & Zahra, Shaker A., 2016. "The role of demand-side narratives in opportunity formation and enactment," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 5(C), pages 70-75.
    46. Kishinchand Poornima Wasdani & Mary Mathew, 2014. "Potential for opportunity recognition: differentiating entrepreneurs," International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 23(3), pages 336-362.
    47. Lin, Yini & Wu, Lei-Yu, 2014. "Exploring the role of dynamic capabilities in firm performance under the resource-based view framework," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(3), pages 407-413.
    48. Zahra, Shaker & Hayton, James & Marcel, Jeremy & O'Neill, Hugh, 2001. "Fostering entrepreneurship during international expansion:: Managing key challenges," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 19(4), pages 359-369, August.
    49. Berry, Leonard L. & Bolton, Ruth N. & Bridges, Cheryl H. & Meyer, Jeffrey & Parasuraman, A. & Seiders, Kathleen, 2010. "Opportunities for Innovation in the Delivery of Interactive Retail Services," Journal of Interactive Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 24(2), pages 155-167.
    50. Wu, Long & Xu, Lei, 2020. "The role of venture capital in SME loans in China," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    51. Boris Urban & Eric Wood, 2015. "The importance of opportunity recognition behaviour and motivators of employees when engaged in corporate entrepreneurship," Journal of Business Economics and Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(5), pages 980-994, October.
    52. Alam, Ashraful & Uddin, Moshfique & Yazdifar, Hassan, 2019. "Institutional determinants of R&D investment: Evidence from emerging markets," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 34-44.
    53. Jeffrey G. Covin & Dennis P. Slevin, 1989. "Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 10(1), pages 75-87, January.
    54. Andreas Kallmuenzer & Andreas Strobl & Mike Peters, 2018. "Tweaking the entrepreneurial orientation–performance relationship in family firms: the effect of control mechanisms and family-related goals," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 12(4), pages 855-883, October.
    55. Sharon Alvarez & Jay Barney & Arielle Newman, 2015. "The poverty problem and the industrialization solution," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 32(1), pages 23-37, March.
    56. Geert Hofstede, 2006. "What did GLOBE really measure? Researchers’ minds versus respondents’ minds," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 37(6), pages 882-896, November.
    57. Davidsson, Per, 2015. "Entrepreneurial opportunities and the entrepreneurship nexus: A re-conceptualization," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 30(5), pages 674-695.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Md. Nazmus Sakib & Mustafa Raza Rabbani & Iqbal Thonse Hawaldar & Mohammad Abdul Jabber & Jubait Hossain & Mohammad Sahabuddin, 2022. "Entrepreneurial Competencies and SMEs’ Performance in a Developing Economy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-18, October.
    2. Xihua Yu & Ning Cao & Hao Ren, 2023. "The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on the Sustainable Innovation Capabilities of New Ventures: From the Perspective of Ambidextrous Learning," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-19, June.
    3. Ahmad Mohammad Saleh & Seyed Alireza Athari, 2023. "Examining the Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on New Venture Performance in the Emerging Economy of Lebanon: A Moderated Mediation Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-21, August.
    4. Miguel-Ángel Galindo-Martín & María-Soledad Castaño-Martínez & María-Teresa Méndez-Picazo, 2023. "Digitalization, entrepreneurship and competitiveness: an analysis from 19 European countries," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 17(5), pages 1809-1826, July.
    5. Shiyuan Yang & Mengjia Li & Longhua Yue & Lina Yu & Wei Li, 2022. "From Farmers’ Entrepreneurial Motivation to Performance—The Chain Mediating Effect of Entrepreneurial Learning and Entrepreneurial Ability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-22, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ahmad Mohammad Saleh & Seyed Alireza Athari, 2023. "Examining the Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on New Venture Performance in the Emerging Economy of Lebanon: A Moderated Mediation Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-21, August.
    2. Hernández-Perlines, Felipe & Covin, Jeffrey G. & Ribeiro-Soriano, Domingo E., 2021. "Entrepreneurial orientation, concern for socioemotional wealth preservation, and family firm performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 197-208.
    3. Eduardo Sánchez-García & Bartolomé Marco-Lajara & Pedro Seva-Larrosa & Javier Martínez-Falcó, 2022. "Driving Innovation by Managing Entrepreneurial Orientation, Cooperation and Learning for the Sustainability of Companies in the Energy Sector," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-17, December.
    4. Shirokova, G. & Puffer, S.M. & Bogatyreva, K. & Beliaeva, T., 2015. "Entrepreneurial orientation in different environmental settings: A comparative cross-country study," Working Papers 6416, Graduate School of Management, St. Petersburg State University.
    5. Lixin Sheng & Jibao Gu & Jianlin Wu, 2023. "How does entrepreneurial orientation influence firm performance? The roles of corporate social responsibility and institutional environments," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(4), pages 2021-2036, July.
    6. Muhammad Sualeh Khattak & Rizwan Ullah, 2021. "The role of entrepreneurial orientation in tangible and intangible resource acquisition and new venture growth," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 42(6), pages 1619-1637, September.
    7. Santos, Gina & Marques, Carla Susana & Ferreira, João J.M., 2020. "Passion and perseverance as two new dimensions of an Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation scale," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 190-199.
    8. Tânia Gonçalves & Mário Sérgio Teixeira & José G. Dias & Sofia Gouveia & Ricardo Jorge Correia, 2021. "Commitment to exporting as an antecedent of organizational skills and firm performance," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 91(7), pages 1063-1084, September.
    9. Bradley A. George & Louis Marino, 2011. "The Epistemology of Entrepreneurial Orientation: Conceptual Formation, Modeling, and Operationalization," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 35(5), pages 989-1024, September.
    10. Gabriel Linton, 2019. "Innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness in startups: a case study and conceptual development," Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Springer;UNESCO Chair in Entrepreneurship, vol. 9(1), pages 1-21, December.
    11. Noor Ismail & Olli Kuivalainen, 2015. "The effect of internal capabilities and external environment on small- and medium-sized enterprises’ international performance and the role of the foreign market scope: The case of the Malaysian halal," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 13(4), pages 418-451, December.
    12. Hernández-Perlines, Felipe, 2016. "Entrepreneurial orientation in hotel industry: Multi-group analysis of quality certification," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(10), pages 4714-4724.
    13. Rodney C. Runyan & Baoshan Ge & Baobao Dong & Jane L. Swinney, 2012. "Entrepreneurial Orientation in Cross–Cultural Research: Assessing Measurement Invariance in the Construct," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 36(4), pages 819-836, July.
    14. Basco, Rodrigo & Hernández-Perlines, Felipe & Rodríguez-García, María, 2020. "The effect of entrepreneurial orientation on firm performance: A multigroup analysis comparing China, Mexico, and Spain," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 409-421.
    15. Lavlu Mozumdar & Valentina C. Materia & Geoffrey Hagelaar & Mohammad Amirul Islam & Gerben van der Velde & S. W. F. (Onno) Omta, 2022. "Contextuality of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Performance: The Case of Women Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh," Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, vol. 8(1), pages 94-120, January.
    16. Rodrigo-Alarcón, Job & García-Villaverde, Pedro M. & Ruiz-Ortega, María J. & Parra-Requena, Gloria, 2018. "From social capital to entrepreneurial orientation: The mediating role of dynamic capabilities," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 195-209.
    17. Linton, Gabriel & Kask, Johan, 2017. "Configurations of entrepreneurial orientation and competitive strategy for high performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 168-176.
    18. Kohtamäki, Marko & Heimonen, Jesse & Sjödin, David & Heikkilä, Vili, 2020. "Strategic agility in innovation: Unpacking the interaction between entrepreneurial orientation and absorptive capacity by using practice theory," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 12-25.
    19. Jean-Marie Courrent & Sonia Chassé & Waleed Omri, 2018. "Do Entrepreneurial SMEs Perform Better Because They are More Responsible?," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 153(2), pages 317-336, December.
    20. Xu, Hangjun & Guo, Huiling & Zhang, Jing & Dang, Anh, 2018. "Facilitating dynamic marketing capabilities development for domestic and foreign firms in an emerging economy," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 141-152.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:rvmgts:v:16:y:2022:i:3:d:10.1007_s11846-021-00457-w. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.