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Stabilisation et redistribution budgétaires entre régions : État centralisé, État fédéral

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  • Frédéric Zumer

Abstract

[fre] La dimension budgétaire de l'Union économique et monétaire en Europe a donné lieu à de vifs débats. Nous envisageons le rôle de stabi lisateur automatique d'un budget fédéral dans un contexte d'union monétaire et, par conséquent, l'opportunité de créer un mécanisme spé cifique de stabilisation budgétaire en Europe. Un tel dispositif aurait pour but de garantir un transfert temporaire de revenus aux Etats qui traversent des difficultés conjoncturelles. Ce dispositif est-il indispensable ? Quelle en serait l'ampleur ? Sa nécessité, ainsi que celle d'instruments de redistribution entre régions est de plus en plus souvent affirmée. À l'appui de cette assertion, une série études récentes a montré que le système budgétaire fédéral américain compense automatiquement une proportion significative des chocs asymétriques transitoires affectant le revenu des ménages dans les différents États, au travers des transferts inter-régionaux automatiques. L'examen des résultats existants, effectué dans cette étude, confirme que les effets stabilisateurs (et redistributifs) du budget central sont loin d'être négligeables dans les pays étudiés. Il est donc vraisemblable que les systèmes d'impôts et de transferts centraux permettent de réduire les coûts d'absorption des chocs. Pour approfondir la discussion, nous décrivons les effets stabilisateurs et redistributifs inter-régionaux mis en oeuvre dans un Etat unitaire. Nous mesurons un effet stabilisateur comparable dans les Etats centralisés et fédéraux, en dépit un argument sous-jacent la discussion, qui suppose que les mécanismes de stabilisation et de redistribution sont autant plus présents que l'Etat considéré est plus centralisé. L'incapacité des méthodes d'estimation à mesurer correctement ces phé nomènes budgétaires dans le cas d'un pays centralisé nous amène proposer une nouvelle méthodologie qui repose sur l'économétrie des données de panel. L'étude du rôle de l'Etat central dans les régions françaises met en relief sa nature profondément différente selon que le pays est fédéral ou unitaire, ainsi que l'imbrication plus ou moins étroite des deux effets. Notre étude permet de conclure que toutes les unions monétaires reposent sur un certain degré de fédéralisme budgétaire. Par conséquent, l'Europe ne devrait-elle pas se doter d'un dispositif d'assurance inter-régionale ? Pour répondre par affirmative, il faut encore montrer qu'une stabilisation budgétaire décentralisée fonctionnerait moins efficacement et que seul un mécanisme centralisé pourrait procurer une co-assurance effective. [eng] Frédéric Zumer. The fiscal aspects of the future EMU lead to lively debates. The purpose of this work is to consider the stabilizing role of a federal budget in the context of a monetary union, and the appropriateness of creating a specific shock-absorber mechanism in Europe. Its purpose would be to permit the member states to cope with transitory, asymmetric shocks. Is this device essential for the success of EMU ? What should be its desired scale ? In most countries, a region undergoing an adverse shock will receive net transfers from other regions through the central-governement budget. But a country member of the future EMU suffering a similar shock will not receive any corresponding transfers from the European Union through the central-government budget of the Union. In this respect, countries in the EMU will lack a stabilizing mechanism that regions in a national currency union possess. A number of authors have tried to ascertain just how much stabilization the regions get today through the relevant mechanism when a shock hits one of them relative to all the rest without affecting the national aggregates. We examine the available results and conclude that stabilizing and redistributive effects are indeed far from negligible in the US and Canada, the major countries thus far studied. Both of those countries represent federal states. It has been assumed that the stabilizing effects must be still stronger in unitary states, such as the UK and France. But we find the assumption not to be confirmed for either country. A detailed application of econometrics of panel data to the French regional statistics permits estimates of regional stabilization in this particular unitary state. The figures are no higher than those for the US. In the concluding section, we turn to the question how well EMU will be able to function without some degree of fiscal federalism.

Suggested Citation

  • Frédéric Zumer, 1998. "Stabilisation et redistribution budgétaires entre régions : État centralisé, État fédéral," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 65(1), pages 243-289.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1998_num_65_1_1502
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1998.1502
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1998.1502
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