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Distorsions de concurrence dues à la PAC. Protection effective sur le porc et l'aviculture en RFA, France, Pays-Bas, Danemark

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  • L. P. Mahe
  • J. Courgeon

Abstract

[fre] La politique agricole commune protège le secteur agricole européen des fluctuations et de la concurrence des marchés mondiaux. Mais les différentes productions ne bénéficient pas des mêmes niveaux de soutien. De même, en dépit des principes d'unicité (des prix), les niveaux de prix garantis ont été différents d'un pays à l'autre pour les mêmes produits (entre autres à cause des MCM). . Il est difficile de construire des indicateurs synthétiques appropriés de ces distorsions d'autant plus qu'il ne suffit pas de mesurer la protection nominale pour avoir une mesure complète du soutien relatif accordé à un produit dans divers pays, il faut tenir également compte de la protection accordée aux facteurs de production et aux matières premières qui pénalisent leurs utilisateurs. La notion de protection effective permet d'aller dans ce sens en s'attachant à évaluer la protection sur la valeur ajoutée. . Une première évaluation de la protection effective accordée aux céréales, au porc et à la viande de volaille a été effectuée avec des hypothèses simplificatrices mais autorisant une forme de substituabilité, et en supposant une même structure de coût dans tous les pays pour les inputs à l'exception des coûts alimentaires (porc, volailles) où les bilans fourragers ont été utilisés. Sur la période 1972-83, les résultats confirment que la R.F.A. et les Pays-Bas ont bénéficié d'une protection plus élevée que la France et le Danemark : d'une part à cause des effets des MCM, d'autre part à cause de taux différents d'utilisation de céréales dans l'alimentation animale et de leur remplacement inégal selon les pays par des matières premières non soumises à la PAC. . Pour sortir de certaines hypothèses contraignantes de l'indicateur classique ci-dessus, une modification du mode de calcul, permettant les substitutions spécifiques entre facteurs, est proposée. Enfin d'autres éléments de distorsion devraient être inclus dans l'analyse pour compléter la vue d'ensemble de la concurrence entre agricultures européennes. [eng] Effective protection and the distortion of competition brought about by the C.A.P. - The Common Agricultural Policy protects the European agricultural sector from the fluctuations and competition of the world markets. But the various commodities do not all enjoy the same level of support. Similarly, in spite of the common price principle, guaranteed price levels vary from one country to another for the same products (because of MCA among other factors). It is difficult to devise indicators providing a synthetic view of these distortions particularly since they need to allow for the fact that protection inputs and raw materials tends to penalize the users thereof. A tentative evaluation of the effective protection afforded to pork and poultry meat was made, based on somewhat simplified assumptions : some input substituability and the same input cost structure from one country to another except for feed costs (pork, poultry), where national feed balances were used. Over the period 1972-83, evidence suggests that the Federal Republic of Germany and the Netherlands enjoyed greater protection than France and Denmark, on the one hand because of the effects of the MCA and on the other hand because different countries use different proportions of cereals for animal feed, replacing grains to varying degrees with raw materials wich are not covered by the Common Agricultural Policy.

Suggested Citation

  • L. P. Mahe & J. Courgeon, 1986. "Distorsions de concurrence dues à la PAC. Protection effective sur le porc et l'aviculture en RFA, France, Pays-Bas, Danemark," Économie rurale, Programme National Persée, vol. 173(1), pages 37-47.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:recoru:ecoru_0013-0559_1986_num_173_1_3756
    DOI: 10.3406/ecoru.1986.3756
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecoru.1986.3756
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. H. G. Grubel & P. J. Lloyd, 1971. "Factor Substitution and Effective Tariff Rates," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 38(1), pages 95-103.
    2. Bhagwati, Jagdish N. & Srinivasan, T. N., 1973. "The general equilibrium theory of effective protection and resource allocation," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 3(3), pages 259-281, August.
    3. W. M. Corden, 1966. "The Structure of a Tariff System and the Effective Protective Rate," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 74(3), pages 221-221.
    4. Woodland, A D, 1977. "Joint Outputs, Intermediate Inputs and International Trade Theory," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 18(3), pages 517-533, October.
    5. Corden, W. M., 1971. "The substitution problem in the theory of effective protection," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 37-57, February.
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    Cited by:

    1. François Bonnieux & Pierre Rainelli, 1989. "Politiques agricoles et environnement dans les pays riches," Économie rurale, Programme National Persée, vol. 189(1), pages 65-72.

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