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Patrimoine et retraite : l’expérience française de 1820 à 1940

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  • Jérôme Bourdieu
  • Lionel Kesztenbaum

Abstract

[ger] Seit den Kontroversen über die Arbeiterrenten in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts wird über die Fähigkeit der Menschen diskutiert, sich selbst eine Altersversorgung zu sichern; in der Vergangenheit, um die Sorglosigkeit der Arbeiter anzuprangern und ihnen jeden Anspruch auf Rente zu versagen, und heute, um für jeden Einzelnen die Freiheit zu fordern, für das Alter selbst vorzusorgen. Deshalb stellt sich die Frage, in welcher Situation sich die Menschen, die das Rentenalter erreichten, in der Zeit befanden, als es keine oder nur eine geringe Altersversorgung gab. Anhand individueller Vermögensdaten kann geschätzt werden, welcher Teil der Bevölkerung über ausreichend Finanzmittel verfügte, um unabhängig leben zu können. Um im 19. Jahrhundert sein Leben im hohen Alter fi nanzieren zu können, reichten die Ersparnisse im Lebenszyklus keinesfalls aus. Nicht nur die Arbeiterklasse oder die am wenigsten qualifi zierten Arbeitnehmer, sondern auch breite Schichten der französischen Bevölkerung besaßen kein ausreichendes Vermögen, um - sei es auch bescheiden - nach der Erwerbstätigkeit von ihren Ersparnissen leben zu können. Insbesondere die Situation der Ältesten, die sich im Lauf des 19. Jahrhunderts kontinuierlich verbesserte, verschlechterte sich in den Jahren um 1900 jäh. Die großen Ungleichheiten beim Ausscheiden aus dem Erwerbsleben am Lebensende zwischen Männern und Frauen oder zwischen sozioprofessionellen Gruppen verschärften noch die Krise bei der Finanzierung der Altersversorgung zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts. [eng] Ever since the controversies on blue-collar workers’ pensions in the mid-nineteenth century, the capacity of individuals to provide their own old-age insurance has been debated. Yesterday, workers were stigmatized for their improvidence and denied all pension rights; today, there are calls for everyone to be free to build his or her own nest egg for old age. It is therefore legitimate to ask what was the true situation of those who reached old age in a period when there were few or no retirement pensions. Using individual asset data, we can estimate the percentage of the population that had enough financial resources to live their last years autonomously. Lifecycle savings were highly inadequate to support the elderly in the nineteenth century. Far beyond the working class and the lowest-skilled wage-earners, large strata of the French population did not possess enough assets to subsist, even modestly, in the fi nal period of a life of labour and saving. In particular, the status of the eldest, after steadily improving in the nineteenth century, worsened abruptly in the 1900s. We conclude our overview of the crisis in old-age financing in the early twentieth century with the wide inequality of access to end-of-life economic inactivity between men and women, and between socio-occupational categories. [fre] Depuis les controverses sur les retraites ouvrières dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, la capacité des individus à s’assurer eux-mêmes pour leur vieillesse a fait débat; hier pour stigmatiser l’imprévoyance de l’ouvrier et lui refuser tout droit à une pension, aujourd’hui pour réclamer la liberté de chacun de constituer son propre pécule pour ses vieux jours. Dès lors, il est légitime de se demander quelle était, réellement, la situation de ceux qui atteignaient la vieillesse dans une période où il n’existait pas, ou peu, de pensions de retraite. Des données patrimoniales individuelles permettent d’estimer quelle fraction de la population disposait des moyens fi nanciers pour vivre sa vieillesse de façon autonome. L’épargne de cycle de vie était très insuffi sante pour fi nancer le grand âge durant le XIXe siècle: bien au-delà de la classe ouvrière ou du salariat le moins qualifi é, de larges couches de la population française ne possédaient pas un patrimoine suffi sant pour vivre, même modestement, une fois arrivées au terme d’une vie de labeur et d’épargne. Surtout, la situation des plus âgés, qui s’améliore continûment durant le XIXe siècle, connaît une brutale dégradation dans les années 1900. Les fortes inégalités d’accès à l’inactivité en fin de vie, entre hommes et femmes ou entre catégories socioprofessionnelles, achèvent de compléter ce tableau d’une crise du fi nancement des vieux jours, au début du XXe siècle. [spa] Desde las controversias sobre las jubilaciones obreras en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, la capacidad de las personas para asegurarse la vejez por sí solas ha sido objeto de debate; si ayer fue para estigmatizar la imprevisión del obrero y rechazar su derecho a una pensión, hoy es para reclamar la libertad de cada persona para formar su propio patrimonio para la vejez. Por consiguiente, es legítimo preguntarse cuál era, en realidad, la situación de los que llegaban a la vejez en una época en la que no existían, o poco, las pensiones de jubilación. Algunos datos patrimoniales individuales permiten valorar qué parte de la población contaba con recursos fi nancieros para vivir la vejez de forma autónoma. En el siglo XIX, el ahorro durante el ciclo de vida era absolutamente insufi ciente para fi nanciar la vejez: mucho más allá de la clase obrera o del asalariado menos cualifi -cado, amplias capas de la población francesa no disponían de un patrimonio sufi ciente para vivir, aunque fuera modestamente, al llegar al fi nal de una vida de trabajo y ahorro. En especial, la situación de las personas más mayores, que mejoró sin intermisión durante el siglo XIX, conoció una brutal degradación en los años 1900. Por último las fuertes desigualdades de acceso a la inactividad al fi nal de la vida, entre hombres y mujeres o entre categorías socioprofesionales, completan este cuadro de la crisis de fi nanciación de la vejez a principios del siglo XX.

Suggested Citation

  • Jérôme Bourdieu & Lionel Kesztenbaum, 2008. "Patrimoine et retraite : l’expérience française de 1820 à 1940," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 417(1), pages 77-91.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2008_num_417_1_7689
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2008.7689
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2008.7689
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    1. Karen E. Dynan & Jonathan Skinner & Stephen P. Zeldes, 2004. "Do the Rich Save More?," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 112(2), pages 397-444, April.
    2. Hoffman, Philip T. & Jacks, David S. & Levin, Patricia A. & Lindert, Peter H., 2002. "Real Inequality In Europe Since 1500," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 62(2), pages 322-355, June.
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