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Patrimoine et retraite : l'expérience française de 1820 à 1940

Author

Listed:
  • Jérôme Bourdieu

    (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, LEA - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique)

  • Lionel Kesztenbaum

    (INED - Institut national d'études démographiques)

Abstract

Depuis les controverses sur les retraites ouvrières dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, la capacité des individus à s'assurer eux-mêmes pour leur vieillesse a fait débat ; hier pour stigmatiser l'imprévoyance de l'ouvrier et lui refuser tout droit à une pension, aujourd'hui pour réclamer la liberté de chacun de constituer son propre pécule pour ses vieux jours. Dès lors, il est légitime de se demander quelle était, réellement, la situation de ceux qui atteignaient la vieillesse dans une période où il n'existait pas, ou peu, de pensions de retraite. Des données patrimoniales individuelles permettent d'estimer quelle fraction de la population disposait des moyens financiers pour vivre sa vieillesse de façon autonome. L'épargne de cycle de vie était très insuffisante pour financer le grand âge durant le XIXe siècle : bien au-delà de la classe ouvrière ou du salariat le moins qualifié, de larges couches de la population française ne possédaient pas un patrimoine suffisant pour vivre, même modestement, une fois arrivées au terme d'une vie de labeur et d'épargne. Surtout, la situation des plus âgés, qui s'améliore continûment durant le XIXe siècle, connaît une brutale dégradation dans les années 1900. Les fortes inégalités d'accès à l'inactivité en fin de vie, entre hommes et femmes ou entre catégories socioprofessionnelles, achèvent de compléter ce tableau d'une crise du financement des vieux jours, au début du XXe siècle.

Suggested Citation

  • Jérôme Bourdieu & Lionel Kesztenbaum, 2009. "Patrimoine et retraite : l'expérience française de 1820 à 1940," Post-Print halshs-00824374, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00824374
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    1. Karen E. Dynan & Jonathan Skinner & Stephen P. Zeldes, 2004. "Do the Rich Save More?," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 112(2), pages 397-444, April.
    2. Hoffman, Philip T. & Jacks, David S. & Levin, Patricia A. & Lindert, Peter H., 2002. "Real Inequality In Europe Since 1500," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 62(2), pages 322-355, June.
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    Keywords

    Retraites ouvrières;

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