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Travailleurs âgés, nouvelles technologies et changements organisationnels : un réexamen à partir de l'enquête « Reponse ». Suivi d'un commentaire de Luc Behaghel : emploi des seniors - Des effets du changement technologique aux recommandations

Author

Listed:
  • Sévane Ananian
  • Patrick Aubert
  • Luc Behaghel

Abstract

[fre] L'adoption par les entreprises d'innovations technologiques (micro-ordinateur, internet), de changements organisationnels ou leur ouverture au marché international posent la question de l'adaptation des travailleurs âgés (seniors) : les entreprises concernées évincent-elles plus souvent ou non les seniors de leur main-d'oeuvre ? L'analyse du stock d'emploi en 1998 confirme l'hypothèse d'un biais de ces changements défavorable aux seniors. Dans l'industrie comme dans le tertiaire, les établissements plus informatisés ou aux pratiques organisationnelles innovantes emploient relativement moins de seniors. Cela se vérifie dans l'ensemble aussi bien pour les plus qualifiés (cadres et professions intermédiaires) que pour les moins qualifiés (ouvriers et employés). Le lien causal entre innovation et emploi des plus âgés est, de par sa complexité, difficile à mettre en évidence. L'analyse des flux d'emplois entre 1998 et 2001 conforte cependant l'idée que l'innovation aggrave l'obsolescence des qualifications. En jouant à la fois sur les embauches et les sorties d'emploi, la diffusion des nouvelles technologies aurait bien un impact négatif sur l'emploi des seniors. Ce constat doit être nuancé : certains changements organisationnels comme la décentralisation des pouvoirs de décision ainsi que l'ouverture à l'international faisant appel à des salariés expérimentés seraient de ce fait plus favorables aux plus âgés qu'aux plus jeunes. [eng] Older Workers, New Technology and Organisational Change Further Evidence Using the Reponse Survey . Firms’ use of technological innovations (computers, internet) or organisational, change, or their expansion into the international market raise the question of how older workers (seniors) adapt: Are the fi rms involved in these changes more likely to evict older workers from their workforce? An analysis of the workforce in 1998 confi rms the hypothesis that these changes induce a bias unfavourable to older workers. In both manufacturing industry and services, the establishments that are more computerised or those that implement innovative workplace practices employ relatively fewer older workers. Roughly, this is true for both qualifi ed workers (managers and intermediary professions) and less qualifi ed workers (blue collars and employees). The causal link between innovation and the employment of older people is, because of its complexity, diffi cult to prove. However, the analysis of employment infl ows and outfl ows between 1998 and 2001 confi rms the idea that innovation worsens skill obsolescence. Affecting both hiring and fi ring, the increasing use of new technology seems to have a negative impact on the employment of older people. This observation needs to be nuanced: some organisational changes, such as the decentralisation of decision-making powers, and the increasingly international marketplace require experienced workers and seem therefore more favourable to older workers than to younger ones. [ger] Ältere Arbeitnehmer, neue Technologien und organisatorische Veränderungen Eine neue Untersuchung anhand der Erhebung Antwort . Wenn Unternehmen der technologischen Innovation (Mikrocomputer, Internet) organisatorische Veränderungen vornehmen oder sich dem internationalen Markt öffnen, stellt sich die Frage nach der Anpassung der älteren Arbeitnehmer (Senioren) entlassen die betreffenden Unternehmen häufi ger Senioren oder nicht? Die Analyse des Beschäftigungsstocks des Jahres 1998 bestätigt die Hypothese einer Verzerrung solcher Veränderungen zum Nachteil der Senioren. In der Industrie wie auch im tertiären Sektor beschäftigen die Unternehmen mit einem hohen Informatisierungsgrad oder mit innovativen organisatorischen Praktiken vergleichsweise weniger Senioren. Insgesamt trifft dies sowohl auf die Qualifi ziertesten (Führungskräfte und mittleres Management) wie auch auf die am wenigsten Qualifi zierten (Arbeiter oder Angestellte) zu. Die kausale Beziehung zwischen Innovation und Beschäftigung der ältesten Arbeitnehmer lässt sich aufgrund ihrer Komplexität nur schwer aufzeigen. Die Analyse der Beschäftigungsströme zwischen 1998 und 2001 bestätigt jedoch, dass Innovationen die Qualifi kationen in stärkerem Maße obsolet machen. Die neuen Technologien, die bei der Rekrutierung wie auch beim Ausscheiden aus einem Unternehmen eine Rolle spielen, würden sich auf die Beschäftigung der Senioren negativ auswirken. Allerdings muss diese Feststellung nuanciert werden; denn bestimmte organisatorische Veränderungen wie die Dezentralisierung der Entscheidungsbefugnisse und die Öffnung hin zum internationalen Markt erfordern erfahrene Arbeitnehmer und begünstigen deshalb eher die Älteren als die Jüngeren. [spa] Trabajadores seniors, nuevas tecnologías y cambios de organización . Una reconsideración a partir de la encuesta Reponse . La adopción por parte de las empresas de innovaciones tecnológicas (micro-ordenadores, internet) de cambios organizativos o su apertura al mercado internacional plantea la cuestión de la adaptación de los trabajadores seniors: las empresas involucradas, ¿ excluyen o no con mayor frecuencia a los seniors de su mano de obra? El análisis de los índices de empleo de 1998 confi rma la hipótesis de una tendencia en estos cambios desfavorable a los seniors. En la industria como en el sector terciario, los establecimientos más informatizados o con prácticas organizativas innovadoras emplean relativamente menos seniors. Ello se confi rma en conjunto tanto para los más cualifi cados (ejecutivos y profesiones intermedias) como para los menos cualifi cados (obreros y empleados). La relación de causa entre innovación y empleo de los mayores es, por su complejidad, difícil de evidenciar. El análisis de los fl ujos de empleo entre 1998 y 2001 confi rma, sin embargo, la idea de que la innovación agrava la obsolescencia de las cualifi caciones. Jugando a la vez con los contratos y los despidos, la difusión de las nuevas tecnologías habría tenido un impacto negativo en el empleo de los seniors. Esta constatación debe ser matizada: ciertos cambios de organización, como la descentralización de los poderes de decisión y la apertura internacional, apuntarían a los empleados experimentados, lo que sería más favorable a los mayores que a los jóvenes.

Suggested Citation

  • Sévane Ananian & Patrick Aubert & Luc Behaghel, 2006. "Travailleurs âgés, nouvelles technologies et changements organisationnels : un réexamen à partir de l'enquête « Reponse ». Suivi d'un commentaire de Luc Behaghel : emploi des seniors - Des effets du c," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 397(1), pages 21-49.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2006_num_397_1_7125
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2006.7125
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2006.7125
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    5. Luc Behaghel, 2006. "Changement technologique et formation tout au long de la vie," Revue économique, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 57(6), pages 1351-1382.
    6. Daron Acemoglu, 2002. "Technical Change, Inequality, and the Labor Market," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 40(1), pages 7-72, March.
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