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Les délocalisations au cœur de l'expansion du commerce extérieur chinois

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  • Françoise Lemoine

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[spa] Las deslocalizaciones al origen de la expansion del comercio exterior chino En los noventa, el aflujo de las inversiones extraderas ha creado en China unas industrias muy dinâmicas que han acelerado el crecimiento econômico y le han proporcionado unas ganancias espectaculares en términos de cuotas de mercado en los intercambios. mundiales. La participaciôn creciente de China en el comercio internacional esta directamente vinculada con su inserciôn en una division internacional de los procesos de producciôn en Asia. Las estrategias de deslocalizaciôn de las firmas extranjeras han desarrollado en el continente unas empresas exportadoras que, inicialmente limitadas a un papel de taller de montaje, han ganada paulatinamente un dominio cada vez mâs completo de los procesos de producciôn y de comercializaciôn. . La apertura internacional de China tiene sin embargo sus propios lîmites. Queda geogrâficamente circunscrita en ' las regiones costeras. Esta fractura geogrâfica delata otra mayor. La expansion del comercio exterior chino se debe ; ante todo a las empresas de capitales extranjeras implantados en China y luego a unas empresas chinas que tienen contratos de subcontrataciôn con unos socios exteriores. Los intercambios relacionados con el comercio comûn, es decir las operaciones sueltas de importaciôn y de exportaciôn, realizadas por las empresas chinas,- han tenido una progresiôn constante en el transcurso de los arïos 1994-1998, lo cual subraya la poca capacidad de la industria china para enfrentarse con la competencia" internacional. El comercio exterior chino se ha desarrollado segûn un modelo dualista. Su componente dinâmico se debe a unas industrias internacionalizadas procedentes de especializaciones chinas en determinados segmentos de producciôn. El componente . tradicional de los intercambios es mâs inerte y refleja la protecciôn del mercado interior y la pérdida de competitividad de las empresas chinas integradas en las cadenas de producciôn locales. [fre] Les délocalisations au coeur de l'expansion du commerce extérieur chinois Dans les années 90, l'afflux d'investissements étrangers a créé en Chine des industries très dynamiques qui ont accéléré la croissance économique et qui lui ont assuré .: des gains de parts de marchés spectaculaires dans les échanges mondiaux. La participation croissante de la Chine au commerce international a été directement liée à son insertion dans une division internationale des processus de production en Asie. Les stratégies de délocalisation des firmes étrangères ont développé sur le continent des entreprises exportatrices qui, initialement cantonnées à' un rôle d'atelier d'assemblage, semblent gagner progressivement une maîtrise plus complète des processus de production et de commercialisation. L'ouverture internationale de la Chine a cependant ses limites. Elle est circonscrite géographiquement aux régions côtières. Cette fracture géographique en révèle ; une plus profonde. L'expansion du commerce extérieur chinois est d'abord le fait des entreprises à capitaux étrangers implantées en Chine, puis des entreprises chinoises ayant des contrats de sous-traitance avec des partenaires extérieurs. Les échanges relevant du commerce ordinaire, c'est-à-dire les opérations non liées d'exportation et d'importation, réalisées par les entreprises chinoises, ont connu une progression modeste au cours des années 1994-1998, indiquant que la capacité à percer dans la. concurrence internationale est loin d'être la caractéristique de l'ensemble du tissu industriel chinois. Le commerce extérieur de la Chine s'est ainsi développé sur un mode dualiste. Sa composante dynamique est constituée; d'industries internationalisées issues des spécialisations : chinoises sur certains segments de production. La composante traditionnelle des échanges est plus inerte et reflète la protection du marché intérieur et la faible, compétitivité des entreprises chinoises intégrées dans les chaînes de production locales. [ger] Betriebsverlagerungen und Expansion des chinesischen AuBenhandels In den 90er Jahren schuf der Zustrom auslândischer Investitionen in China ûberaus dynamische: Industriezweige, die das Wirtschaftswachstum; beschleunigten und China einen spektakulâren Gewinn von Marktanteilen am Welthandel ermôglichten.Die Zunahme des Anteils Chinas am Welthandel hing direkt : mit seiner Integration in eine internationale Teilung den Produktionsverfahren in Asien zusammen. Im Zuge der. Verlagerungsstrategien der auslàndischen Firmen entstanden auf dem Kontinent Exportunternehmen die sich anfânglich zwar auf die Rolle von Montagewerken beschrànkten, aber im Laufe der Zeit die Produktions- und Vertriebsmechanismen immer besser zu beherrschen schienen. Die weltweite Ôffnung Chinas hat allerdings Grenzen. Sie ist geographisch auf die Kûstenregionen beschrânkt. Hinter dieser geographischen Trennungslinie verbirgt sich ; eine tiefere Kluft. Denn die Expansion des chinesischen AuSenhandels ist vorwiegend auf die in China niedergelassenen Unternehmen mit auslàndischenv Kapital und erst in zweiter Linie auf chinesische Unternehmen, die mit auslàndischen Partnern Zuliefervertrâge abgeschlossen haben, zurùckzufùhren. Der ùbliche Handel chinesischer Unternehmen, das heiBt die nicht miteinander zusammenhàngenden Ein- und Ausfuhren, nahmen zwischen 1994 und 1998 nur geringfùgig zu, was darauf schlie3en lâBt, daS das. chinesische Industriegefùge insgesamt keineswegs in der Lage ist, sich in der weltweiten Konkurrenz zu behaupten. Somit ist die Entwicklung des chinesischen AuGenhandels von Dualitât gepràgt. Seine dynamische Komponente besteht aus international ausgerichteten Industriezweigen, die aus der Spezialisierung Chinas auf . bestimmte Produktionssegmente hervorgingen. Die- traditionelle Komponente des Handels ist dagegen trâger und spiegelt den Schutz des heimischen Marktes und den Verlust der Wettbewerbsfâhigkeit der chinesischen. Unternehmen, die in die lokalen Produktionsketten- integriert sind, wider. [eng] Offshore Production at the Heart of China The influx of foreign investment into China in the 1990s, created extremely buoyant industries, which speeded up economic growth and won China spectacular market shares in world trade. China's growing participation in international trade was directly linked to its entry into : Asia's international production division. Foreign firms' offshore production strategies developed exporting firms : on the continent. These firms, initially restricted to an assembly line role, appear to be gradually gaining a more ? complete command of production and marketing processes. Yet the opening up of China to international trade has its limits. It is geographically limited to the coastal areas. This geographic division reveals a more profound split. The . growth in Chinese foreign trade is due first to 's Foreign Trade Growth foreign-owned companies established in China and* second to Chinese firms with sub-contracting contracts with foreign partners. Ordinary trade by Chinese firms, i.e. transactions not involving exporting and importing, grew modestly from 1 994 to 1 998. This suggests that the ability to break into the international market is far from characteristic of the entire Chinese industrial fabric. China's foreign trade has therefore developed in two directions. Its dynamic component is made up of internationalised industries deriving from Chinese specialisation in certain production segments. The traditional trade component is more inert and reflects the protection of the domestic market and the loss of competitiveness by Chinese firms integrated into local production chains.

Suggested Citation

  • Françoise Lemoine, 1999. "Les délocalisations au cœur de l'expansion du commerce extérieur chinois," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 326(1), pages 53-70.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1999_num_326_1_6225
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1999.6225
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1999.6225
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Françoise Lemoine, 2000. "FDI and the Opening Up of China's Economy," Working Papers 2000-11, CEPII research center.

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