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Extending Employment beyond the Pensionable Age: A Cohort Study of the Influence of Chronic Diseases, Health Risk Factors, and Working Conditions

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  • Marianna Virtanen
  • Tuula Oksanen
  • G David Batty
  • Leena Ala-Mursula
  • Paula Salo
  • Marko Elovainio
  • Jaana Pentti
  • Katinka Lybäck
  • Jussi Vahtera
  • Mika Kivimäki

Abstract

Background: In response to the economic consequences of ageing of the population, governments are seeking ways with which people might work into older age. We examined the association of working conditions and health with extended employment (defined as >6 months beyond the pensionable age) in a cohort of older, non-disabled employees who have reached old-age retirement. Methods: A total of 4,677 Finnish employees who reached their old-age pensionable date between 2005 and 2011 (mean age 59.8 years in 2005, 73% women) had their survey responses before pensionable age linked to national health and pension registers, resulting in a prospective cohort study. Results: In all, 832 participants (17.8%) extended their employment by more than 6 months beyond the pensionable date. After multivariable adjustment, the following factors were associated with extended employment: absence of diagnosed mental disorder (OR 1.25, 95% confidence interval = 1.01–1.54) and psychological distress (OR 1.68; 1.35–2.08) and of the work characteristics, high work time control (OR 2.31; 1.88–2.84). The projected probability of extended employment was 21.3% (19.5–23.1) among those free of psychiatric morbidity and with high work time control, while the corresponding probability was only 9.2% (7.4–11.4) among those with both psychiatric morbidity and poor work time control. The contribution of chronic somatic diseases was modest. Conclusions: In the present study, good mental health in combination with the opportunity to control work time seem to be key factors in extended employment into older age. In addition, high work time control might promote work life participation irrespective of employees' somatic disease status.

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  • Marianna Virtanen & Tuula Oksanen & G David Batty & Leena Ala-Mursula & Paula Salo & Marko Elovainio & Jaana Pentti & Katinka Lybäck & Jussi Vahtera & Mika Kivimäki, 2014. "Extending Employment beyond the Pensionable Age: A Cohort Study of the Influence of Chronic Diseases, Health Risk Factors, and Working Conditions," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(2), pages 1-8, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0088695
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088695
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Julija Moskvina, 2022. "Work after retirement: the evidence of sustainable employment from Lithuanian enterprise," Insights into Regional Development, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, vol. 4(2), pages 52-62, June.
    2. Johanna Stengård & Constanze Leineweber & Marianna Virtanen & Hugo Westerlund & Hui-Xin Wang, 2022. "Do good psychosocial working conditions prolong working lives? Findings from a prospective study in Sweden," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 19(3), pages 677-688, September.
    3. Annette Meng & Emil Sundstrup & Lars L. Andersen, 2022. "Employee perception of managers’ attitudes towards older workers is associated with risk of loss of paid work before state pension age: prospective cohort study with register follow-up," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 19(4), pages 1375-1383, December.
    4. Saana Myllyntausta & Marianna Virtanen & Jaana Pentti & Mika Kivimäki & Jussi Vahtera & Sari Stenholm, 2022. "Why do men extend their employment beyond pensionable age more often than women? a cohort study," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 19(3), pages 599-608, September.
    5. Stephen A Stansfeld & Ewan Carr & Melanie Smuk & Charlotte Clark & Emily Murray & Nicola Shelton & Jenny Head, 2018. "Mid-life psychosocial work environment as a predictor of work exit by age 50," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(4), pages 1-11, April.
    6. Charlotte Muurinen & Matti Laine & Jaana Pentti & Marianna Virtanen & Paula Salo & Mika Kivimäki & Jussi Vahtera & Tuula Oksanen, 2014. "Vertical and Horizontal Trust at Work as Predictors of Retirement Intentions: The Finnish Public Sector Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(9), pages 1-7, September.
    7. Annette Meng & Emil Sundstrup & Lars L. Andersen, 2020. "Factors Contributing to Retirement Decisions in Denmark: Comparing Employees Who Expect to Retire before, at, and after the State Pension Age," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-12, May.
    8. M. Kauppi & K. C. Prakash & M. Virtanen & J. Pentti & V. Aalto & T. Oksanen & M. Kivimäki & J. Vahtera & S. Stenholm, 2021. "Social relationships as predictors of extended employment beyond the pensionable age: a cohort study," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 18(4), pages 491-501, December.
    9. Peter Browne & Ewan Carr & Maria Fleischmann & Baowen Xue & Stephen A. Stansfeld, 2019. "The relationship between workplace psychosocial environment and retirement intentions and actual retirement: a systematic review," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 16(1), pages 73-82, March.
    10. Lisa Toczek & Richard Peter, 2023. "Investigating the influence of work-related stress on early labour market exit: the role of health," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 20(1), pages 1-9, December.
    11. Kristina Gyllensten & Kjell Torén & Mats Hagberg & Mia Söderberg, 2020. "A sustainable working life in the car manufacturing industry: The role of psychosocial factors, gender and occupation," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(5), pages 1-12, May.

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