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The impacts of secondary education reforms on schooling and income of women and men in the Philippines

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  • Ma. Laarni D. Revilla

    (World Bank
    National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), Tokyo)

  • Jonna P. Estudillo

    (University of the Philippines)

Abstract

In 1988 and 1989, the Philippine government implemented free public and subsidized private secondary schooling through two major policies, namely Republic Act (RA) 6655 and RA 6728. This study investigates the long-run impacts of the two policies on schooling attainment and income using a regression discontinuity design (RDD). It draws data from the Annual Poverty Indicators Survey 2008 and 2011. We present two main !ndings. First, younger cohorts of women and men, who are policy bene!ciaries, have signi!cantly higher educational attainment relative to non-bene!ciaries. Second, an additional year of schooling signi!cantly increases individual income of women in the informal sector and men in the formal sector. In brief, our !ndings suggest that the policies are effective in enhancing schooling attainment, but the downstream impacts appear to have accrued substantially to women employed in the informal sector and men employed in the formal sector.

Suggested Citation

  • Ma. Laarni D. Revilla & Jonna P. Estudillo, 2022. "The impacts of secondary education reforms on schooling and income of women and men in the Philippines," Philippine Review of Economics, University of the Philippines School of Economics and Philippine Economic Society, vol. 59(1), pages 1-25, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:59:y:2022:i:1:p:1-25
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    File URL: https://econ.upd.edu.ph/pre/index.php/pre/article/view/1021/930
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    schooling; income; gender; regression discontinuity design;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I21 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Analysis of Education
    • I25 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Economic Development
    • I26 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Returns to Education
    • I28 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Government Policy
    • O1 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development

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