IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i22p15006-d971468.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A Review on Renewable Energy Transition under China’s Carbon Neutrality Target

Author

Listed:
  • Fuquan Zhao

    (State Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    Tsinghua Automobile Strategy Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

  • Fanlong Bai

    (State Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    Tsinghua Automobile Strategy Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

  • Xinglong Liu

    (State Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    Tsinghua Automobile Strategy Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

  • Zongwei Liu

    (State Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    Tsinghua Automobile Strategy Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

Abstract

To achieve their carbon peak and carbon neutrality target, China’s energy transition is seen as the most important instrument. Despite the rapid growth of renewable energy in China, there are still many challenges. Based on the review of the contemporary literature, this paper seeks to present an updated depiction of renewable energy in the Chinese context. The potential, status quo, and related policy of China’s renewable energy are thoroughly investigated. The challenges facing renewable energy development under the carbon neutrality target are analyzed, including enormous transition urgency and pressure, technology, and policy issues. Then, coping strategies are proposed to guide the direction of renewable energy development. Technology paths and policy recommendations are presented. This paper contributes to technology developing and policymaking by providing a comprehensive, thorough, and reliable review of renewable energy development in China.

Suggested Citation

  • Fuquan Zhao & Fanlong Bai & Xinglong Liu & Zongwei Liu, 2022. "A Review on Renewable Energy Transition under China’s Carbon Neutrality Target," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-27, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:22:p:15006-:d:971468
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/22/15006/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/22/15006/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Liu, Benxi & Liao, Shengli & Cheng, Chuntian & Chen, Fu & Li, Weidong, 2018. "Hydropower curtailment in Yunnan Province, southwestern China: Constraint analysis and suggestions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 700-711.
    2. Gang Zhang & Yaning Zhu & Tuo Xie & Kaoshe Zhang & Xin He, 2022. "Wind Power Consumption Model Based on the Connection between Mid- and Long-Term Monthly Bidding Power Decomposition and Short-Term Wind-Thermal Power Joint Dispatch," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-25, September.
    3. Ying, Zhou & Xin-gang, Zhao & Lei, Xu, 2022. "Supply side incentive under the Renewable Portfolio Standards: A perspective of China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 505-518.
    4. Zhang, Dahai & Wang, Jiaqi & Lin, Yonggang & Si, Yulin & Huang, Can & Yang, Jing & Huang, Bin & Li, Wei, 2017. "Present situation and future prospect of renewable energy in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 865-871.
    5. Liu, Laibao & Wang, Zheng & Wang, Yang & Wang, Jun & Chang, Rui & He, Gang & Tang, Wenjun & Gao, Ziqi & Li, Jiangtao & Liu, Changyi & Zhao, Lin & Qin, Dahe & Li, Shuangcheng, 2020. "Optimizing wind/solar combinations at finer scales to mitigate renewable energy variability in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    6. Fan, Jing-Li & Wang, Jia-Xing & Hu, Jia-Wei & Yang, Yang & Wang, Yu, 2021. "Will China achieve its renewable portfolio standard targets? An analysis from the perspective of supply and demand," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    7. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Abbas Rizvi, Syed Kumail & Dong, Kangyin & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2022. "Fiscal decentralization as new determinant of renewable energy demand in China: The role of income inequality and urbanization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 68-80.
    8. Chen, Xing & Lin, Boqiang, 2021. "Towards carbon neutrality by implementing carbon emissions trading scheme: Policy evaluation in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    9. Xiaoyang Song & Yaohuan Huang & Chuanpeng Zhao & Yuxin Liu & Yanguo Lu & Yongguo Chang & Jie Yang, 2018. "An Approach for Estimating Solar Photovoltaic Potential Based on Rooftop Retrieval from Remote Sensing Images," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-14, November.
    10. Zhao, Haoran & Wu, Qiuwei & Hu, Shuju & Xu, Honghua & Rasmussen, Claus Nygaard, 2015. "Review of energy storage system for wind power integration support," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 545-553.
    11. Zhang, Lixiao & Pang, Mingyue & Bahaj, AbuBakr S. & Yang, Yongchuan & Wang, Changbo, 2021. "Small hydropower development in China: Growing challenges and transition strategy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    12. Ding, Yi & Shao, Changzheng & Yan, Jinyue & Song, Yonghua & Zhang, Chi & Guo, Chuangxin, 2018. "Economical flexibility options for integrating fluctuating wind energy in power systems: The case of China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 426-436.
    13. Liu, Fa & Sun, Fubao & Liu, Wenbin & Wang, Tingting & Wang, Hong & Wang, Xunming & Lim, Wee Ho, 2019. "On wind speed pattern and energy potential in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C), pages 867-876.
    14. Yu-Ling Hsiao, Cody & Sheng, Ni & Fu, Shenze & Wei, Xinyang, 2022. "Evaluation of contagious effects of China's wind power industrial policies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    15. Zhang, Yi & Xu, Yujie & Zhou, Xuezhi & Guo, Huan & Zhang, Xinjing & Chen, Haisheng, 2019. "Compressed air energy storage system with variable configuration for accommodating large-amplitude wind power fluctuation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 957-968.
    16. Zhang, Alex Hongliang & Sirin, Selahattin Murat & Fan, Conglai & Bu, Maoliang, 2022. "An analysis of the factors driving utility-scale solar PV investments in China: How effective was the feed-in tariff policy?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    17. Xu, Xiaomin & Niu, Dongxiao & Xiao, Bowen & Guo, Xiaodan & Zhang, Lihui & Wang, Keke, 2020. "Policy analysis for grid parity of wind power generation in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    18. Fan, Jing-Li & Wang, Jia-Xing & Hu, Jia-Wei & Wang, Yu & Zhang, Xian, 2019. "Optimization of China’s provincial renewable energy installation plan for the 13th five-year plan based on renewable portfolio standards," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    19. Wang, Yu & He, Jijiang & Chen, Wenying, 2021. "Distributed solar photovoltaic development potential and a roadmap at the city level in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    20. Yang, Ying & Campana, Pietro Elia & Yan, Jinyue, 2020. "Potential of unsubsidized distributed solar PV to replace coal-fired power plants, and profits classification in Chinese cities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    21. Jiang, Zihao & Liu, Zhiying, 2022. "Policies and exploitative and exploratory innovations of the wind power industry in China: The role of technological path dependence," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 177(C).
    22. Dongdong Song & Yuewen Liu & Tianbao Qin & Hongsong Gu & Yang Cao & Hongjun Shi, 2022. "Overview of the Policy Instruments for Renewable Energy Development in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-14, September.
    23. Yuehong Lu & Zafar A. Khan & Manuel S. Alvarez-Alvarado & Yang Zhang & Zhijia Huang & Muhammad Imran, 2020. "A Critical Review of Sustainable Energy Policies for the Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-31, June.
    24. Harjanne, Atte & Korhonen, Janne M., 2019. "Abandoning the concept of renewable energy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 330-340.
    25. Ziheng Niu & Jianliang Xiong & Xuesong Ding & Yao Wu, 2022. "Analysis of China’s Carbon Peak Achievement in 2025," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-18, July.
    26. Zhang, Zimo & Peng, Jian & Xu, Zihan & Wang, Xiaoyu & Meersmans, Jeroen, 2021. "Ecosystem services supply and demand response to urbanization: A case study of the Pearl River Delta, China," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 49(C).
    27. Gaafar Muhammed & Neyre Tekbiyik-Ersoy, 2020. "Development of Renewable Energy in China, USA, and Brazil: A Comparative Study on Renewable Energy Policies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-29, November.
    28. Zhang, Yi & Xu, Yujie & Guo, Huan & Zhang, Xinjing & Guo, Cong & Chen, Haisheng, 2018. "A hybrid energy storage system with optimized operating strategy for mitigating wind power fluctuations," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 121-132.
    29. Lidan Chen & Yao Zhang & Antonio Figueiredo, 2019. "Spatio-Temporal Model for Evaluating Demand Response Potential of Electric Vehicles in Power-Traffic Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-20, May.
    30. Kang, Yating & Yang, Qing & Bartocci, Pietro & Wei, Hongjian & Liu, Sylvia Shuhan & Wu, Zhujuan & Zhou, Hewen & Yang, Haiping & Fantozzi, Francesco & Chen, Hanping, 2020. "Bioenergy in China: Evaluation of domestic biomass resources and the associated greenhouse gas mitigation potentials," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
    31. Liu, Shiyu & Bie, Zhaohong & Lin, Jiang & Wang, Xifan, 2018. "Curtailment of renewable energy in Northwest China and market-based solutions," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 494-502.
    32. Li, Lili & Taeihagh, Araz, 2020. "An in-depth analysis of the evolution of the policy mix for the sustainable energy transition in China from 1981 to 2020," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(C).
    33. Li, Jidong & Chen, Shijun & Wu, Yuqiang & Wang, Qinhui & Liu, Xing & Qi, Lijian & Lu, Xiuyuan & Gao, Lu, 2021. "How to make better use of intermittent and variable energy? A review of wind and photovoltaic power consumption in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    34. Cao, Jing & Dai, Hancheng & Li, Shantong & Guo, Chaoyi & Ho, Mun & Cai, Wenjia & He, Jianwu & Huang, Hai & Li, Jifeng & Liu, Yu & Qian, Haoqi & Wang, Can & Wu, Libo & Zhang, Xiliang, 2021. "The general equilibrium impacts of carbon tax policy in China: A multi-model comparison," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    35. Lo, Kevin, 2014. "A critical review of China's rapidly developing renewable energy and energy efficiency policies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 508-516.
    36. Shaojie Song & Haiyang Lin & Peter Sherman & Xi Yang & Chris P. Nielsen & Xinyu Chen & Michael B. McElroy, 2021. "Production of hydrogen from offshore wind in China and cost-competitive supply to Japan," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-8, December.
    37. Fang, Debin & Zhao, Chaoyang & Kleit, Andrew N., 2019. "The impact of the under enforcement of RPS in China: An evolutionary approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    38. Rigter, Jasper & Vidican, Georgeta, 2010. "Cost and optimal feed-in tariff for small scale photovoltaic systems in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(11), pages 6989-7000, November.
    39. Jie, Dingfei & Xu, Xiangyang & Guo, Fei, 2021. "The future of coal supply in China based on non-fossil energy development and carbon price strategies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    40. Wu, Xudong & Li, Chaohui & Shao, Ling & Meng, Jing & Zhang, Lixiao & Chen, Guoqian, 2021. "Is solar power renewable and carbon-neutral: Evidence from a pilot solar tower plant in China under a systems view," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    41. Jian, Liu & Zechun, Hu & Banister, David & Yongqiang, Zhao & Zhongying, Wang, 2018. "The future of energy storage shaped by electric vehicles: A perspective from China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 249-257.
    42. Liu, Wen & Lund, Henrik & Mathiesen, Brian Vad & Zhang, Xiliang, 2011. "Potential of renewable energy systems in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(2), pages 518-525, February.
    43. Zhuo, Chen & Junhong, Guo & Wei, Li & Fei, Zhang & Chan, Xiao & Zhangrong, Pan, 2022. "Changes in wind energy potential over China using a regional climate model ensemble," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    44. Wei, Youzhou & Zou, Qing-Ping & Lin, Xianghong, 2021. "Evolution of price policy for offshore wind energy in China: Trilemma of capacity, price and subsidy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    45. Zhang, Libo & Chen, Changqi & Wang, Qunwei & Zhou, Dequn, 2021. "The impact of feed-in tariff reduction and renewable portfolio standard on the development of distributed photovoltaic generation in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    46. Dong, Zhuojia & Yu, Xianyu & Chang, Ching-Ter & Zhou, Dequn & Sang, Xiuzhi, 2022. "How does feed-in tariff and renewable portfolio standard evolve synergistically? An integrated approach of tripartite evolutionary game and system dynamics," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C), pages 864-877.
    47. Zhang, Ruixiaoxiao & Shimada, Koji & Ni, Meng & Shen, Geoffrey Q.P. & Wong, Johnny K.W., 2020. "Low or No subsidy? Proposing a regional power grid based wind power feed-in tariff benchmark price mechanism in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
    48. Zhu, Jialing & Hu, Kaiyong & Lu, Xinli & Huang, Xiaoxue & Liu, Ketao & Wu, Xiujie, 2015. "A review of geothermal energy resources, development, and applications in China: Current status and prospects," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P1), pages 466-483.
    49. Tong, Zheming & Cheng, Zhewu & Tong, Shuiguang, 2021. "A review on the development of compressed air energy storage in China: Technical and economic challenges to commercialization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    50. Zhang, Chenxi & Zhou, Dequn & Wang, Qunwei & Ding, Hao & Zhao, Siqi, 2022. "Will fiscal decentralization stimulate renewable energy development? Evidence from China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
    51. Yuan, Xueliang & Zuo, Jian, 2011. "Transition to low carbon energy policies in China--from the Five-Year Plan perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(6), pages 3855-3859, June.
    52. Xu, Shengqing, 2021. "The paradox of the energy revolution in China: A socio-technical transition perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    53. Kong, Yigang & Kong, Zhigang & Liu, Zhiqi & Wei, Congmei & Zhang, Jingfang & An, Gaocheng, 2017. "Pumped storage power stations in China: The past, the present, and the future," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 720-731.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Kuo Wang & Dongxu Ouyang & Xinming Qian & Shuai Yuan & Chongye Chang & Jianqi Zhang & Yifan Liu, 2023. "Early Warning Method and Fire Extinguishing Technology of Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-35, March.
    2. Praveen Cheekatamarla, 2024. "Hydrogen and the Global Energy Transition—Path to Sustainability and Adoption across All Economic Sectors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-21, February.
    3. George Ekonomou & Angeliki N. Menegaki, 2023. "China in the Renewable Energy Era: What Has Been Done and What Remains to Be Done," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-21, September.
    4. Ping Han & Ziyu Zhou, 2023. "The Harmonious Relationship between Energy Utilization Efficiency and Industrial Structure Development under Carbon Emission Constraints: Measurement, Quantification, and Identification," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-21, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Luo, Shihua & Hu, Weihao & Liu, Wen & Zhang, Zhenyuan & Bai, Chunguang & Huang, Qi & Chen, Zhe, 2022. "Study on the decarbonization in China's power sector under the background of carbon neutrality by 2060," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    2. Wu, Jiaqian & Chen, Yu & Yu, Lean & Li, Guohao & Li, Jingjing, 2023. "Has the evolution of renewable energy policies facilitated the construction of a new power system for China? A system dynamics analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    3. Hu, Xing & Guo, Yingying & Zheng, Yali & Liu, Lan-cui & Yu, Shiwei, 2022. "Which types of policies better promote the development of renewable energy? Evidence from China's provincial data," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C), pages 1373-1382.
    4. Guilhot, Laëtitia, 2022. "An analysis of China's energy policy from 1981 to 2020: Transitioning towards to a diversified and low-carbon energy system," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    5. Wang, Yadong & Wang, Delu & Shi, Xunpeng, 2023. "Sustainable development pathways of China's wind power industry under uncertainties: Perspective from economic benefits and technical potential," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    6. Cui, Qi & He, Ling & Han, Guoyi & Chen, Hao & Cao, Juanjuan, 2020. "Review on climate and water resource implications of reducing renewable power curtailment in China: A nexus perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    7. Mao, Hongzhi & Chen, Xie & Luo, Yongqiang & Deng, Jie & Tian, Zhiyong & Yu, Jinghua & Xiao, Yimin & Fan, Jianhua, 2023. "Advances and prospects on estimating solar photovoltaic installation capacity and potential based on satellite and aerial images," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).
    8. Wang, Kai-Hua & Su, Chi-Wei & Lobonţ, Oana-Ramona & Moldovan, Nicoleta-Claudia, 2020. "Chinese renewable energy industries’ boom and recession: Evidence from bubble detection procedure," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    9. Han, Ji & Miao, Shihong & Chen, Zhe & Liu, Zhou & Li, Yaowang & Yang, Weichen & Liu, Ziwen, 2021. "Multi-View clustering and discrete consensus based tri-level coordinated control of wind farm and adiabatic compressed air energy storage for providing frequency regulation service," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    10. Jiehui Yuan & Wenli Yuan & Juan Yuan & Zhihong Liu & Jia Liao & Xunmin Ou, 2023. "Policy Recommendations for Distributed Solar PV Aiming for a Carbon-Neutral Future," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-16, February.
    11. Yang Tang & Yifeng Liu & Weiqiang Huo & Meng Chen & Shilong Ye & Lei Cheng, 2023. "Optimal Allocation Scheme of Renewable Energy Consumption Responsibility Weight under Renewable Portfolio Standards: An Integrated Evolutionary Game and Stochastic Optimization Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-22, March.
    12. Wang, Ying & Zhang, Dayong & Ji, Qiang & Shi, Xunpeng, 2020. "Regional renewable energy development in China: A multidimensional assessment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    13. Zhang, Xian & Wang, Jia-Xing & Cao, Zhe & Shen, Shuo & Meng, Shuo & Fan, Jing-Li, 2021. "What is driving the remarkable decline of wind and solar power curtailment in China? Evidence from China and four typical provinces," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 31-42.
    14. Zeng, Lijun & Du, Wenjing & Zhao, Laijun & Zhan, Yanhong, 2023. "An inter-provincial transfer fee model under renewable portfolio standard policy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    15. Libo Zhang & Qian Du & Dequn Zhou, 2021. "Grid Parity Analysis of China’s Centralized Photovoltaic Generation under Multiple Uncertainties," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-19, March.
    16. Kwag, Kyuhyeong & Shin, Hansol & Oh, Hyobin & Yun, Sangmin & Kim, Tae Hyun & Hwang, Pyeong-Ik & Kim, Wook, 2023. "Bilevel programming approach for the quantitative analysis of renewable portfolio standards considering the electricity market," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PD).
    17. Zhixin Zhang & Min Chen & Teng Zhong & Rui Zhu & Zhen Qian & Fan Zhang & Yue Yang & Kai Zhang & Paolo Santi & Kaicun Wang & Yingxia Pu & Lixin Tian & Guonian Lü & Jinyue Yan, 2023. "Carbon mitigation potential afforded by rooftop photovoltaic in China," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-12, December.
    18. Huan Guo & Haoyuan Kang & Yujie Xu & Mingzhi Zhao & Yilin Zhu & Hualiang Zhang & Haisheng Chen, 2023. "Review of Coupling Methods of Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems and Renewable Energy Resources," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-22, June.
    19. Zhai, Yijie & Ma, Xiaotian & Gao, Feng & Zhang, Tianzuo & Hong, Jinglan & Zhang, Xu & Yuan, Xueliang & Li, Xiangzhi, 2020. "Is energy the key to pursuing clean air and water at the city level? A case study of Jinan City, China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    20. Xia, Wanjun & Murshed, Muntasir & Khan, Zeeshan & Chen, Zhenling & Ferraz, Diogo, 2022. "Exploring the nexus between fiscal decentralization and energy poverty for China: Does country risk matter for energy poverty reduction?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:22:p:15006-:d:971468. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.