IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v13y2021i23p13369-d693769.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Application of Entrepreneurial Intention Model in Comparative International Entrepreneurship Research: A Cross-Cultural Study of India and Saudi Arabia

Author

Listed:
  • Najmul Hoda

    (Department of Business Administration, College of Business, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia)

  • Naim Ahmad

    (Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia)

  • Shankar Lal Gupta

    (Faculty of Management, Birla Institute of Technology, Noida 201301, India)

  • Mohammad Mahtab Alam

    (Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia)

  • Irfan Ahmad

    (Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

The development of entrepreneurial activities helps in realization of multiple goals of sustainable development. This study aims to inspect the applicability of the entrepreneurial intention model (EIM) to explain entrepreneurial intention in different cultural contexts. A survey was conducted using the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire. Based on 535 valid responses received from business students in India (N = 285) and Saudi Arabia (N = 250), the model was analyzed using the partial least square regression method. The results show that the EIM is validated for the combined sample (R 2 combined = 0.522) as well as for the individual samples (R 2 India = 0.644; R 2 Saudi = 0.412). Demographic variables and human capital variables were found to impact the entrepreneurial intention differently in the combined sample and the individual samples of the two countries. Multigroup analysis was performed to test if the country variable influences the hypothesized paths in the model. The results of the multigroup analysis show that many of the hypothesized relationships (gender-personal attitude; gender-subjective norm; gender-perceived behavioral control, role model-subjective norm, role model-perceived behavioral control, subjective norm-personal attitude, and subjective norm-entrepreneurial intention) are significantly different in the two countries. This study addresses the gap in comparative international entrepreneurship (CIE) research by testing the applicability of EIM in two different cultures. The findings are also significant for policymakers at both national and international levels for facilitating entrepreneurship.

Suggested Citation

  • Najmul Hoda & Naim Ahmad & Shankar Lal Gupta & Mohammad Mahtab Alam & Irfan Ahmad, 2021. "Application of Entrepreneurial Intention Model in Comparative International Entrepreneurship Research: A Cross-Cultural Study of India and Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-23, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:23:p:13369-:d:693769
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/23/13369/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/23/13369/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bosma, Niels & Hessels, Jolanda & Schutjens, Veronique & Praag, Mirjam Van & Verheul, Ingrid, 2012. "Entrepreneurship and role models," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 410-424.
    2. Rohit H. Trivedi, 2017. "Entrepreneurial-intention constraint model: A comparative analysis among post-graduate management students in India, Singapore and Malaysia," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 13(4), pages 1239-1261, December.
    3. repec:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:3-4:p:187-215 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Norris F. Krueger, 2017. "Entrepreneurial Intentions Are Dead: Long Live Entrepreneurial Intentions," International Studies in Entrepreneurship, in: Malin Brännback & Alan L. Carsrud (ed.), Revisiting the Entrepreneurial Mind, chapter 0, pages 13-34, Springer.
    5. José Alberto Martínez-González & Urszula Kobylinska & Francisco J. García-Rodríguez & Lukasz Nazarko, 2019. "Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Intention among Young People: Model and Regional Evidence," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(24), pages 1-29, December.
    6. Ricarda B. Bouncken & Jevgenija Zagvozdina & Andreas Golze & Anna Mrozewska, 2009. "A comparative study of cultural influences on intentions to found a new venture in Germany and Poland," International Journal of Business and Globalisation, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 3(1), pages 47-65.
    7. Mohammad Mahtab Alam & Naim Ahmad & Quadri Noorulhasan Naveed & Ayyub Patel & Mohammed Abohashrh & Mohammed Abdul Khaleel, 2021. "E-Learning Services to Achieve Sustainable Learning and Academic Performance: An Empirical Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-20, March.
    8. Esfandiar, Kourosh & Sharifi-Tehrani, Mohamad & Pratt, Stephen & Altinay, Levent, 2019. "Understanding entrepreneurial intentions: A developed integrated structural model approach," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 172-182.
    9. repec:kap:iaecre:v:13:y:2007:i:4:p:443-453 is not listed on IDEAS
    10. Benjamin M. Oviatt & Patricia P. McDougall, 2005. "Defining International Entrepreneurship and Modeling the Speed of Internationalization," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 29(5), pages 537-553, September.
    11. Ajzen, Icek, 1991. "The theory of planned behavior," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 179-211, December.
    12. Mohammad Naushad, 2018. "A study on the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions among Saudi students," Post-Print hal-01774031, HAL.
    13. Nowiński, Witold & Haddoud, Mohamed Yacine, 2019. "The role of inspiring role models in enhancing entrepreneurial intention," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 183-193.
    14. Muhammad Shoaib Farooq & Maimoona Salam & Saif Ur Rehman & Alain Fayolle & Norizan Jaafar & Kartinah Ayupp, 2018. "Impact of support from social network on entrepreneurial intention of fresh business graduates : A structural equation modelling approach," Post-Print hal-02312135, HAL.
    15. Farhad Uddin Ahmed & Louis Brennan, 2021. "A review of methodological diversity within the domain of international entrepreneurship," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 19(2), pages 256-299, June.
    16. Kai Hockerts, 2017. "Determinants of Social Entrepreneurial Intentions," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 41(1), pages 105-130, January.
    17. Fayolle, Alain & Liñán, Francisco, 2014. "The future of research on entrepreneurial intentions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(5), pages 663-666.
    18. Francisco Liñán & Yi–Wen Chen, 2009. "Development and Cross–Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 33(3), pages 593-617, May.
    19. Bogatyreva, Karina & Edelman, Linda F. & Manolova, Tatiana S. & Osiyevskyy, Oleksiy & Shirokova, Galina, 2019. "When do entrepreneurial intentions lead to actions? The role of national culture," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 309-321.
    20. Wei-Loon Koe, 2016. "The relationship between Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO) and entrepreneurial intention," Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Springer;UNESCO Chair in Entrepreneurship, vol. 6(1), pages 1-11, December.
    21. Shaker A. Zahra, 1993. "A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behavior: A Critique and Extension," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 17(4), pages 5-21, July.
    22. Jones, Marian V. & Coviello, Nicole & Tang, Yee Kwan, 2011. "International Entrepreneurship research (1989–2009): A domain ontology and thematic analysis," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 26(6), pages 632-659.
    23. Yushun Su & Zeren Zhu & Jingwen Chen & Yuanqing Jin & Ting Wang & Chien-Liang Lin & Danying Xu, 2021. "Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Intention of University Students in China: Integrating the Perceived University Support and Theory of Planned Behavior," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-17, April.
    24. Vasiliki Vamvaka & Chrysostomos Stoforos & Theodosios Palaskas & Charalampos Botsaris, 2020. "Attitude toward entrepreneurship, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intention: dimensionality, structural relationships, and gender differences," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 9(1), pages 1-26, December.
    25. repec:use:tkiwps:332 is not listed on IDEAS
    26. Alexandrina Maria Pauceanu & Onise Alpenidze & Tudor Edu & Rodica Milena Zaharia, 2018. "What Determinants Influence Students to Start Their Own Business? Empirical Evidence from United Arab Emirates Universities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-23, December.
    27. Paul, Justin & Shrivatava, Archana, 2016. "Do young managers in a developing country have stronger entrepreneurial intentions? Theory and debate," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(6), pages 1197-1210.
    28. Laura von Arnim & Matthias Mrozewski, 2020. "Entrepreneurship in an Increasingly Digital and Global World. Evaluating the Role of Digital Capabilities on International Entrepreneurial Intention," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-18, September.
    29. Torres Velásquez, Jairo Adolfo & Valencia Arias, Alejandro & Bermúdez Hernández, Jonathan & Díez Echavarría, Luisa Fernanda & Urrego Marín, María Lucelly & Maussa Pérez, Fausto Orlando, 2018. "Characterization of entrepreneurial intention in university students as from Systemic Entrepreneurship Intention Model: a case study," Cuadernos de Gestión, Universidad del País Vasco - Instituto de Economía Aplicada a la Empresa (IEAE).
    30. Alain Fayolle & Jean-Michel Degeorge, 2006. "Attitudes, intentions, and behaviour: New approaches to evaluating entrepreneurship education," Post-Print hal-01231707, HAL.
    31. Tongxin Yu & Nadeem Khalid & Umair Ahmed, 2021. "Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Intention among Foreigners in Kazakhstan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-33, June.
    32. Muhammad Israr & Mazhar Saleem, 2018. "Entrepreneurial intentions among university students in Italy," Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Springer;UNESCO Chair in Entrepreneurship, vol. 8(1), pages 1-14, December.
    33. Alain Fayolle & J. M. Degeorge, 2006. "Attitudes, intentions, and behaviour: New approaches to evaluating entrepreneurship education," Post-Print halshs-00133017, HAL.
    34. Laura Brancu & Svala Guðmundsdóttir & Delia Gligor & Valentin Munteanu, 2015. "Is Culture a Moderator of Entrepreneurship Motivation? A Comparative Study of Romania and Iceland," The AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC journal, Academy of Economic Studies - Bucharest, Romania, vol. 17(38), pages 133-133, February.
    35. Luyu Li & Dandan Wu, 2019. "Entrepreneurial education and students' entrepreneurial intention: does team cooperation matter?," Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Springer;UNESCO Chair in Entrepreneurship, vol. 9(1), pages 1-13, December.
    36. Francisco Liñán & Yi-Wen Chen, 2006. "Testing the Entrepreneurial Intention Model on a Two-Country Sample," Working Papers 0607, Departament Empresa, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, revised Jul 2006.
    37. Teemu Kautonen & Marco van Gelderen & Matthias Fink, 2015. "Robustness of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Predicting Entrepreneurial Intentions and Actions," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 39(3), pages 655-674, May.
    38. Stein Kristiansen & Nurul Indarti, 2004. "Entrepreneurial Intention Among Indonesian And Norwegian Students," Journal of Enterprising Culture (JEC), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 12(01), pages 55-78.
    39. Coviello, Nicole E. & Jones, Marian V., 2004. "Methodological issues in international entrepreneurship research," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 19(4), pages 485-508, July.
    40. C. Christopher Baughn & Bee–Leng Chua & Kent E. Neupert, 2006. "The Normative Context for Women's Participation in Entrepreneruship: A Multicountry Study," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 30(5), pages 687-708, September.
    41. Nguyen Dong Phong & Nguyen Thuy Phuong Thao & Nguyen Phong Nguyen, 2020. "Entrepreneurial intent of business students: Empirical evidence from a transitional economy," Cogent Business & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 7(1), pages 1747962-174, January.
    42. KruegerJR, Norris F. & Reilly, Michael D. & Carsrud, Alan L., 2000. "Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 15(5-6), pages 411-432.
    43. Precious C. Ezeh & Anayo D. Nkamnebe & Uzezi P. Omodafe, 2019. "Determinants of entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in a Muslim community," Management Research Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 43(8), pages 1013-1030, May.
    44. Fitzsimmons, Jason R. & Douglas, Evan J., 2011. "Interaction between feasibility and desirability in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 431-440, July.
    45. Francisco Liñán & Francisco Santos, 2007. "Does Social Capital Affect Entrepreneurial Intentions?," International Advances in Economic Research, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 13(4), pages 443-453, November.
    46. Eduardo Picanço Cruz & Roberto Falcão & Yan Barbosa & Fábio Paula, 2020. "Analysis of Prescribing Variables of Entrepreneurial Intention of Brazilian Immigrants in Portugal," RAC - Revista de Administração Contemporânea (Journal of Contemporary Administration), ANPAD - Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração, vol. 24(4), pages 349-368.
    47. Benjamin M Oviatt & Patricia P McDougall, 2005. "The internationalization of entrepreneurship," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 36(1), pages 2-8, January.
    48. Mohammad Naushad, 2018. "A study on the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions among Saudi students," Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, vol. 5(3), pages 600-617, March.
    49. Ioannis Sitaridis & Fotis Kitsios, 2019. "Entrepreneurship as a Career Option for Information Technology Students: Critical Barriers and the Role of Motivation," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 10(3), pages 1133-1167, September.
    50. Áron Perényi & Miklós Losoncz, 2018. "A Systematic Review of International Entrepreneurship Special Issue Articles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-26, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Josué Aarón López-Leyva & Miguel Ángel Ponce-Camacho & Alfredo Valadez-García & Víctor Manuel Ramos-García & Hania Nered Mena-Ibarra, 2022. "Entrepreneurship Intentions Analysis of Mexican University Students Using an Artificial Neural Network to Promote Sustainable Businesses: An Interdisciplinary Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-14, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Gina Santos & Carla Susana Marques & João Ferreira, 2021. "The Influence of Embeddedness on Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Strategy: A Gender Perspective in the Agri-Food Sector," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-29, August.
    2. Carlos Bazan & Hannah Gaultois & Arifusalam Shaikh & Katie Gillespie & Sean Frederick & Ali Amjad & Simon Yap & Chantel Finn & James Rayner & Nafisa Belal, 2020. "A systematic literature review of the influence of the university’s environment and support system on the precursors of social entrepreneurial intention of students," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 9(1), pages 1-28, December.
    3. José Alberto Martínez-González & Carmen Dolores Álvarez-Albelo & Javier Mendoza-Jiménez & Urszula Kobylinska, 2022. "Predicting the Entrepreneurial Behaviour of Starting Up a New Company: A Regional Study Using PLS-SEM and Data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-25, February.
    4. Pankaj C. Patel & Cornelius A. Rietveld, 2022. "Does globalization affect perceptions about entrepreneurship? The role of economic development," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 58(3), pages 1545-1562, March.
    5. Laura von Arnim & Matthias Mrozewski, 2020. "Entrepreneurship in an Increasingly Digital and Global World. Evaluating the Role of Digital Capabilities on International Entrepreneurial Intention," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-18, September.
    6. Sanawi M. Sharahiley, 2020. "Examining Entrepreneurial Intention of the Saudi Arabia’s University Students: Analyzing Alternative Integrated Research Model of TPB and EEM," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 21(1), pages 67-84, March.
    7. Nosheena Yasir & Nasir Mahmood & Hafiz Shakir Mehmood & Muhammad Babar & Muhammad Irfan & An Liren, 2021. "Impact of Environmental, Social Values and the Consideration of Future Consequences for the Development of a Sustainable Entrepreneurial Intention," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-20, March.
    8. Ghulam Raza Sargani & Deyi Zhou & Muhammad Haseeb Raza & Yuzhi Wei, 2020. "Sustainable Entrepreneurship in the Agriculture Sector: The Nexus of the Triple Bottom Line Measurement Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-24, April.
    9. Sofia Tampouri & Andronikos Kaliris & Alexandros Kakouris, 2023. "Researching Entrepreneurial Beliefs in Career Decision-making," Business & Entrepreneurship Journal, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 12(2), pages 1-2.
    10. Ben Youssef, Adel & Boubaker, Sabri & Dedaj, But & Carabregu-Vokshi, Mjellma, 2021. "Digitalization of the economy and entrepreneurship intention," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
    11. Pham, Dung & Jones, Paul & Dobson, Stephen & Liñán, Francisco & Viala, Céline, 2021. "Entrepreneurial implementation intention as a tool to moderate the stability of entrepreneurial goal intention: A sensemaking approach," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 97-105.
    12. Ricardo Figueiredo Belchior & Roisin Lyons, 2021. "Explaining entrepreneurial intentions, nascent entrepreneurial behavior and new business creation with social cognitive career theory – a 5-year longitudinal analysis," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 17(4), pages 1945-1972, December.
    13. Tendai Douglas Svotwa & Olumide Jaiyeoba & Mornay Roberts-Lombard & Charles Makanyeza, 2022. "Perceived Access to Finance, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, Attitude Toward Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Ability, and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Botswana Youth Perspective," SAGE Open, , vol. 12(2), pages 21582440221, May.
    14. Yasir Rasool & Dr. Sanober Salman Shaikh & Ammar Ahmed & Faiz Ahmad Khuwaja, 2018. "Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Systematic Review," KASBIT Business Journals (KBJ), Khadim Ali Shah Bukhari Institute of Technology (KASBIT), vol. 11(1), pages 1-33, December.
    15. Aurora A. C. Teixeira & Rosa Portela Forte, 2017. "Prior education and entrepreneurial intentions: the differential impact of a wide range of fields of study," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 11(2), pages 353-394, March.
    16. Takawira Munyaradzi Ndofirepi, 2022. "Entrepreneurship goal and implementation intentions formation: the role of higher education institutions and contexts," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 11(1), pages 1-22, December.
    17. Ibrahim Al-Jubari, 2019. "College Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention: Testing an Integrated Model of SDT and TPB," SAGE Open, , vol. 9(2), pages 21582440198, May.
    18. Dejan Djordjevic & Dragan Cockalo & Srdjan Bogetic & Mihalj Bakator, 2021. "Predicting Entrepreneurial Intentions among the Youth in Serbia with a Classification Decision Tree Model with the QUEST Algorithm," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(13), pages 1-27, June.
    19. Daniela Bolzani & Maw Der Foo, 2018. "The “why” of international entrepreneurship: uncovering entrepreneurs’ personal values," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 51(3), pages 639-666, October.
    20. Pérez-Fernández, Héctor & Cacciotti, Gabriella & Martín-Cruz, Natalia & Delgado-García, Juan Bautista, 2022. "Are interactions between need for achievement and social networks the driving force behind entrepreneurial Intention? A trait activation story," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 65-76.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:23:p:13369-:d:693769. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.