IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v11y2019i17p4651-d261168.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Assessing the Relevance of Green Banking Practice on Bank Loyalty: The Mediating Effect of Green Image and Bank Trust

Author

Listed:
  • Grace Ibe-enwo

    (Business Administration Department, Cyprus International University, Haspolat Lefkosia, TRNC, Via Mersin 10, 99258 Mersin, Turkey)

  • Nicholas Igbudu

    (Business Administration Department, Cyprus International University, Haspolat Lefkosia, TRNC, Via Mersin 10, 99258 Mersin, Turkey)

  • Zanete Garanti

    (Business Administration Department, Cyprus International University, Haspolat Lefkosia, TRNC, Via Mersin 10, 99258 Mersin, Turkey)

  • Temitope Popoola

    (Business Administration Department, Cyprus International University, Haspolat Lefkosia, TRNC, Via Mersin 10, 99258 Mersin, Turkey)

Abstract

Studies that examine green banking practice from the relationship marketing perspective are limited. Bearing in mind the importance of loyalty to managers in the banking industry, and the increase in the call for greater sustainability performance from banking firms by customers, our study explore customers’ perception on green banking practice and its effect on bank loyalty. It also investigates the mediating effect of green image and bank trust in the relationship between green banking practice and bank loyalty. Through a quantitative survey, data for this study was adopted from 551 customers of the retail banking sector in North Cyprus. The structural equation modeling technique was used to test the relationship between the study variables. Results from the structural equation modeling analysis conducted indicated a direct and significant influence of green banking practice on green image, bank trust, and bank loyalty. Green image significantly affects bank trust and bank loyalty. No significant relationship exist between bank trust and bank loyalty. Green image mediates the relationship between green banking practice and bank loyalty, while bank trust does not mediate the relationship between green banking practice and bank loyalty.

Suggested Citation

  • Grace Ibe-enwo & Nicholas Igbudu & Zanete Garanti & Temitope Popoola, 2019. "Assessing the Relevance of Green Banking Practice on Bank Loyalty: The Mediating Effect of Green Image and Bank Trust," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(17), pages 1-16, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:17:p:4651-:d:261168
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/17/4651/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/17/4651/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sturm, Ray R. & Field, Casey Margarite, 2018. "Benchmark error and socially responsible investments," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 24-29.
    2. Shim, Soyeon & Serido, Joyce & Tang, Chuanyi, 2013. "After the global financial crash: Individual factors differentiating young adult consumers’ trust in banks and financial institutions," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 20(1), pages 26-33.
    3. Welsch, Heinz & Kühling, Jan, 2018. "How Green Self Image is Related to Subjective Well-Being: Pro-Environmental Values as a Social Norm," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 105-119.
    4. Christophe Revelli & Jean-Laurent Viviani, 2015. "Financial performance of socially responsible investing (SRI): what have we learned? A meta-analysis," Post-Print halshs-01141295, HAL.
    5. Arno Riedl & Paul Smeets, 2017. "Why Do Investors Hold Socially Responsible Mutual Funds?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 72(6), pages 2505-2550, December.
    6. Chen Zhixia & Md. Miraj Hossen & Sayed Sami Muzafary & Mareum Begum, 2018. "Green Banking for Environmental Sustainability-Present Status and Future Agenda: Experience from Bangladesh," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 8(5), pages 571-585, June.
    7. Ute Filipiak, 2013. "Trusting Financial Institutions: Out of Reach, out of Trust?," Schumpeter Discussion Papers sdp13002, Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, University Library.
    8. Demirci Orel, Fatma & Kara, Ali, 2014. "Supermarket self-checkout service quality, customer satisfaction, and loyalty: Empirical evidence from an emerging market," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 21(2), pages 118-129.
    9. Fungáčová, Zuzana & Hasan, Iftekhar & Weill, Laurent, 2019. "Trust in banks," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 452-476.
    10. Muñoz, José Ignacio & Sánchez de la Nieta, Agustín A. & Contreras, Javier & Bernal-Agustín, José L., 2009. "Optimal investment portfolio in renewable energy: The Spanish case," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(12), pages 5273-5284, December.
    11. Fuentes, Christian, 2015. "How green marketing works: Practices, materialities, and images," Scandinavian Journal of Management, Elsevier, vol. 31(2), pages 192-205.
    12. Renneboog, Luc & Ter Horst, Jenke & Zhang, Chendi, 2008. "Socially responsible investments: Institutional aspects, performance, and investor behavior," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(9), pages 1723-1742, September.
    13. Belghitar, Yacine & Clark, Ephraim & Deshmukh, Nitin, 2014. "Does it pay to be ethical? Evidence from the FTSE4Good," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 54-62.
    14. Binder, Martin & Blankenberg, Ann-Kathrin, 2017. "Green lifestyles and subjective well-being: More about self-image than actual behavior?," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 304-323.
    15. Filipiak, Ute, 2016. "Trusting financial institutions: Out of reach, out of trust?," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 200-214.
    16. Nicholas Igbudu & Zanete Garanti & Temitope Popoola, 2018. "Enhancing Bank Loyalty through Sustainable Banking Practices: The Mediating Effect of Corporate Image," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-11, November.
    17. Ji, Qiang & Zhang, Dayong, 2019. "How much does financial development contribute to renewable energy growth and upgrading of energy structure in China?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 114-124.
    18. Blomqvist, Kirsimarja, 1997. "The many faces of trust," Scandinavian Journal of Management, Elsevier, vol. 13(3), pages 271-286, September.
    19. Mayer, Robert & Ryley, Tim & Gillingwater, David, 2012. "Passenger perceptions of the green image associated with airlines," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 179-186.
    20. Falcone, Pasquale Marcello & Morone, Piergiuseppe & Sica, Edgardo, 2018. "Greening of the financial system and fuelling a sustainability transition," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 23-37.
    21. D’Orazio, Paola & Popoyan, Lilit, 2019. "Fostering green investments and tackling climate-related financial risks: Which role for macroprudential policies?," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 25-37.
    22. Roberto Cervelló-Royo & Francisco Guijarro & Victor Martinez-Gomez, 2019. "Social Performance considered within the global performance of Microfinance Institutions: a new approach," Operational Research, Springer, vol. 19(3), pages 737-755, September.
    23. Perks, R.W. & Rawlinson, D.H. & Ingram, L., 1992. "An exploration of ethical investment in the UK," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 24(1), pages 43-65.
    24. Yuan, Fei & Gallagher, Kevin P., 2018. "Greening Development Lending in the Americas: Trends and Determinants," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 189-200.
    25. Pratima Bansal, 2005. "Evolving sustainably: a longitudinal study of corporate sustainable development," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(3), pages 197-218, March.
    26. Yu-Shan Chen, 2010. "The Drivers of Green Brand Equity: Green Brand Image, Green Satisfaction, and Green Trust," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 93(2), pages 307-319, May.
    27. Pasquale Marcello Falcone, 2018. "Green investment strategies and bank-firm relationship: a firm-level analysis," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 38(4), pages 2225-2239.
    28. Mazzucato, Mariana & Semieniuk, Gregor, 2018. "Financing renewable energy: Who is financing what and why it matters," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 8-22.
    29. Borghesi, Richard & Houston, Joel F. & Naranjo, Andy, 2014. "Corporate socially responsible investments: CEO altruism, reputation, and shareholder interests," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 164-181.
    30. Herbert W. Kee & Robert E. Knox, 1970. "Conceptual and methodological considerations in the study of trust and suspicion," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 14(3), pages 357-366, September.
    31. Yu-Shan Chen & Shyh-Bao Lai & Chao-Tung Wen, 2006. "The Influence of Green Innovation Performance on Corporate Advantage in Taiwan," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 67(4), pages 331-339, September.
    32. Zbigniew Korzeb & Reyes Samaniego-Medina, 2019. "Sustainability Performance. A Comparative Analysis in the Polish Banking Sector," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-16, January.
    33. van Dooren, Bono & Galema, Rients, 2018. "Socially responsible investors and the disposition effect," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(C), pages 42-52.
    34. Pasquale Marcello Falcone & Edgardo Sica, 2019. "Assessing the Opportunities and Challenges of Green Finance in Italy: An Analysis of the Biomass Production Sector," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-14, January.
    35. Jerry Courvisanos, 2008. "The Political Economy of R&D in a Global Financial Context," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Blandine Laperche & Dimitri Uzunidis (ed.), Powerful Finance and Innovation Trends in a High-Risk Economy, chapter 6, pages 88-109, Palgrave Macmillan.
    36. Chen Zhixia & Md. Miraj Hossen & Sayed Sami Muzafary & Mareum Begum, 2018. "Green Banking for Environmental Sustainability-Present Status and Future Agenda: Experience from Bangladesh," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 8(5), pages 571-585.
    37. Bergek, Anna & Mignon, Ingrid & Sundberg, Gunnel, 2013. "Who invests in renewable electricity production? Empirical evidence and suggestions for further research," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 568-581.
    38. Borgers, Arian C.T. & Pownall, Rachel A.J., 2014. "Attitudes towards socially and environmentally responsible investment," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 1(C), pages 27-44.
    39. Richard G. Peters & Vincent T. Covello & David B. McCallum, 1997. "The Determinants of Trust and Credibility in Environmental Risk Communication: An Empirical Study," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 17(1), pages 43-54, February.
    40. Yu‐Shan Chen, 2013. "Towards green loyalty: driving from green perceived value, green satisfaction, and green trust," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 21(5), pages 294-308, September.
    41. Liao, Xianchun & Shi, Xunpeng (Roc), 2018. "Public appeal, environmental regulation and green investment: Evidence from China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 554-562.
    42. Mehree Iqbal & Nabila Nisha & Afrin Rifat & Pradiptarathi Panda, 2018. "Exploring Client Perceptions and Intentions in Emerging Economies: The Case of Green Banking Technology," International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management (IJABIM), IGI Global, vol. 9(3), pages 14-34, July.
    43. Bauer, Rob & Smeets, Paul, 2015. "Social identification and investment decisions," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 121-134.
    44. Segars, A. H., 1997. "Assessing the unidimensionality of measurement: a paradigm and illustration within the context of information systems research," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 107-121, February.
    45. Mullineux, Andy, 2014. "Banking for the public good," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 87-94.
    46. Hagmann, Carmen & Semeijn, Janjaap & Vellenga, David B., 2015. "Exploring the green image of airlines: Passenger perceptions and airline choice," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 37-45.
    47. Gregor Dorfleitner & Mai Nguyen, 2016. "Which proportion of SR investments is enough? A survey-based approach," Business Research, Springer;German Academic Association for Business Research, vol. 9(1), pages 1-25, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Carin van der Cruijsen & Jakob de Haan & Ria Roerink, 2023. "Trust in financial institutions: A survey," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(4), pages 1214-1254, September.
    2. Simona Galletta & Sebastiano Mazzù & Valeria Naciti & Carlo Vermiglio, 2021. "Sustainable development and financial institutions: Do banks' environmental policies influence customer deposits?," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(1), pages 643-656, January.
    3. Taneja, Shilpa & Ali, Liaqat, 2021. "Determinants of customers’ intentions towards environmentally sustainable banking: Testing the structural model," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    4. Moon-Yong Kim & Minhee Son, 2021. "What Determines Consumer Attitude toward Green Credit Card Services? A Moderated Mediation Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-18, September.
    5. Aghilasse Kashi & Mohamed Eskandar Shah, 2023. "Bibliometric Review on Sustainable Finance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-30, April.
    6. Ali Saleh Alshebami, 2021. "Evaluating the relevance of green banking practices on Saudi Banks’ green image: The mediating effect of employees’ green behaviour," Journal of Banking Regulation, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 22(4), pages 275-286, December.
    7. Huidong Sun & Mustafa Raza Rabbani & Naveed Ahmad & Muhammad Safdar Sial & Guping Cheng & Malik Zia-Ud-Din & Qinghua Fu, 2020. "CSR, Co-Creation and Green Consumer Loyalty: Are Green Banking Initiatives Important? A Moderated Mediation Approach from an Emerging Economy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-22, December.
    8. Nikola Milicevic & Nenad Djokic & Vera Mirovic & Ines Djokic & Branimir Kalas, 2022. "Banking Support for Energy Security: The Customer Aspect," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-15, December.
    9. Andreea-Daniela Moraru & Margareta Ilie, 2021. "Towards Sustainability in Banking Services Development. Customer Satisfaction with Banking Services – Influences and Perspectives," Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, Ovidius University of Constantza, Faculty of Economic Sciences, vol. 0(2), pages 842-848, December.
    10. Ibrahim Mutambik, 2023. "Customer Experience in Open Banking and How It Affects Loyalty Intention: A Study from Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-20, July.
    11. Zhu Xiangyu & Yang Yang, 2021. "Big Data Analytics for Improving Financial Performance and Sustainability," Journal of Systems Science and Information, De Gruyter, vol. 9(2), pages 175-191, April.
    12. Francesco Gangi & Lucia Michela Daniele & Eugenio D'Angelo & Nicola Varrone & Maria Coscia, 2023. "The impact of board gender diversity on banks' environmental policy: The moderating role of gender inequality in national culture," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(3), pages 1273-1291, May.
    13. Teresa C. Herrador-Alcaide & Montserrat Hernández-Solís & Susana Cortés Rodríguez, 2023. "Mapping barriers to green supply chains in empirical research on green banking," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-16, December.
    14. Dariusz Dudek & Marcin Lipowski & Ilona Bondos, 2021. "Changing Energy Supplier on the Market with a Strong Position of Incumbent Suppliers—Polish Example," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-16, June.
    15. George Thomas, 2022. "Corporate Social Responsibility as a Sustainable Business Practice: A Study among Generation Z Customers of Indian Luxury Hotels," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-13, December.
    16. Juan Camilo Mejia-Escobar & Juan David González-Ruiz & Eduardo Duque-Grisales, 2020. "Sustainable Financial Products in the Latin America Banking Industry: Current Status and Insights," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-25, July.
    17. José Ramón Sarmiento-Guede & Arta Antonovica & Rebeca Antolín-Prieto, 2021. "The Green Image in the Spanish Hotel Sector: Analysis of Its Consequences from a Relational Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-17, April.
    18. Juan J. Nájera-Sánchez, 2019. "A Systematic Review of Sustainable Banking through a Co-Word Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-23, December.
    19. Wajeeha Aslam & Syed Tehseen Jawaid, 2023. "Systematic Review of Green Banking Adoption: Following PRISMA Protocols," IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review, , vol. 12(2), pages 213-233, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Alam Rehman & Irfan Ullah & Fakhr-e-Alam Afridi & Zain Ullah & Muhammad Zeeshan & Arif Hussain & Haseeb Ur Rahman, 2021. "Adoption of green banking practices and environmental performance in Pakistan: a demonstration of structural equation modelling," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(9), pages 13200-13220, September.
    2. Ali Saleh Alshebami, 2021. "Evaluating the relevance of green banking practices on Saudi Banks’ green image: The mediating effect of employees’ green behaviour," Journal of Banking Regulation, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 22(4), pages 275-286, December.
    3. Saiful Arefeen & Koji Shimada, 2020. "Performance and Resilience of Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) and Conventional Funds during Different Shocks in 2016: Evidence from Japan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-20, January.
    4. Gutsche, Gunnar & Nakai, Miwa & Arimura, Toshi H., 2021. "Revisiting the determinants of individual sustainable investment—The case of Japan," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 30(C).
    5. Rui Coelho & Shital Jayantilal & Joao J. Ferreira, 2023. "The impact of social responsibility on corporate financial performance: A systematic literature review," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(4), pages 1535-1560, July.
    6. Taneja, Shilpa & Ali, Liaqat, 2021. "Determinants of customers’ intentions towards environmentally sustainable banking: Testing the structural model," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    7. Maria Cristina Rossi & Dario Sansone & Costanza Torricelli & Arthur van Soest, 2018. "Household Preferences for Socially Responsible Investments," Centro Studi di Banca e Finanza (CEFIN) (Center for Studies in Banking and Finance) 18021, Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Economia "Marco Biagi".
    8. Rossi, Mariacristina & Sansone, Dario & van Soest, Arthur & Torricelli, Costanza, 2019. "Household preferences for socially responsible investments," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 107-120.
    9. Gunnar Gutsche & Miwa Nakai & Toshi H. Arimura, 2021. "Individual Sustainable Investment in Japan," RIEEM Discussion Paper Series 2006, Research Institute for Environmental Economics and Management, Waseda University.
    10. Gunnar Gutsche & Bernhard Zwergel, 2020. "Investment Barriers and Labeling Schemes for Socially Responsible Investments," Schmalenbach Business Review, Springer;Schmalenbach-Gesellschaft, vol. 72(2), pages 111-157, April.
    11. Carin van der Cruijsen & Jakob de Haan & Ria Roerink, 2021. "Financial knowledge and trust in financial institutions," Journal of Consumer Affairs, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 55(2), pages 680-714, June.
    12. Meenakshi Sharma & Akanksha Choubey, 2022. "Green banking initiatives: a qualitative study on Indian banking sector," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(1), pages 293-319, January.
    13. Bhatnagar, S. & Sharma, D., 2022. "Evolution of green finance and its enablers: A bibliometric analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    14. Gutsche, Gunnar & Ziegler, Andreas, 2019. "Which private investors are willing to pay for sustainable investments? Empirical evidence from stated choice experiments," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 193-214.
    15. Magdalena Ziolo & Beata Zofia Filipiak & Iwona Bąk & Katarzyna Cheba & Diana Mihaela Tîrca & Isabel Novo-Corti, 2019. "Finance, Sustainability and Negative Externalities. An Overview of the European Context," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(15), pages 1-35, August.
    16. Bernal, Oscar & Hudon, Marek & Ledru, François-Xavier, 2021. "Are impact and financial returns mutually exclusive? Evidence from publicly-listed impact investments," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 93-112.
    17. Blankenberg, Ann-Kathrin & Gottschalk, Jonas F. A., 2018. "Is socially responsible investing (SRI) in stocks a competitive capital investment? A comparative analysis based on the performance of sustainable stocks," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics 349, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics.
    18. Marzhan Beisenbina & Laura Fabregat‐Aibar & Maria‐Glòria Barberà‐Mariné & Maria‐Teresa Sorrosal‐Forradellas, 2023. "The burgeoning field of sustainable investment: Past, present and future," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(2), pages 649-667, April.
    19. Markus Riegler, 2023. "Towards a definition of sustainable banking - a consolidated approach in the context of guidelines and strategies," International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, Springer, vol. 8(1), pages 1-26, December.
    20. Jesús Manuel Palma-Ruiz & Julen Castillo-Apraiz & Raúl Gómez-Martínez, 2020. "Socially Responsible Investing as a Competitive Strategy for Trading Companies in Times of Upheaval Amid COVID-19: Evidence from Spain," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 8(3), pages 1-13, July.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:17:p:4651-:d:261168. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.