IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jmathe/v7y2019i3p274-d214784.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Risk Measurement of Stock Markets in BRICS, G7, and G20: Vine Copulas versus Factor Copulas

Author

Listed:
  • Quanrui Song

    (Faculty of Economics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand)

  • Jianxu Liu

    (Faculty of Economics, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan 250004, China
    Center of Excellence in Econometrics, Faculty of Economics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand)

  • Songsak Sriboonchitta

    (Faculty of Economics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
    Center of Excellence in Econometrics, Faculty of Economics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand)

Abstract

Multivariate copulas have been widely used to handle risk in the financial market. This paper aimed to adopt two novel multivariate copulas, Vine copulas and Factor copulas, to measure and compare the financial risks of the emerging economy, developed economy, and global economy. In this paper, we used data from three groups (BRICS, which stands for emerging markets, specifically, those of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa; G7, which refers to developed countries; and G20, which represents the global market), separated into three periods (pre-crisis, crisis, and post-crisis) and weighed Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) (based on their market capitalization) to compare among three copulas, C-Vine, D-Vine, and Factor copulas. Also, real financial data demonstrated that Factor copulas have stronger stability and perform better than the other two copulas in high-dimensional data. Moreover, we showed that BRICS has the highest risk and G20 has the lowest risk of the three groups.

Suggested Citation

  • Quanrui Song & Jianxu Liu & Songsak Sriboonchitta, 2019. "Risk Measurement of Stock Markets in BRICS, G7, and G20: Vine Copulas versus Factor Copulas," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 7(3), pages 1-16, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:7:y:2019:i:3:p:274-:d:214784
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/7/3/274/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/7/3/274/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Salachas, Evangelos N. & Laopodis, Nikiforos T. & Kouretas, Georgios P., 2017. "The bank-lending channel and monetary policy during pre- and post-2007 crisis," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 176-187.
    2. Pourkhanali, Armin & Kim, Jong-Min & Tafakori, Laleh & Fard, Farzad Alavi, 2016. "Measuring systemic risk using vine-copula," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 63-74.
    3. Amavilah, Voxi & Asongu, Simplice A. & Andrés, Antonio R., 2017. "Effects of globalization on peace and stability: Implications for governance and the knowledge economy of African countries," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 91-103.
    4. Ostap Okhrin & Anastasija Tetereva, 2017. "The Realized Hierarchical Archimedean Copula in Risk Modelling," Econometrics, MDPI, vol. 5(2), pages 1-31, June.
    5. Christoffersen, Peter F, 1998. "Evaluating Interval Forecasts," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 39(4), pages 841-862, November.
    6. Aloui, Riadh & Ben Aïssa, Mohamed Safouane, 2016. "Relationship between oil, stock prices and exchange rates: A vine copula based GARCH method," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 458-471.
    7. Okhrin, Ostap & Okhrin, Yarema & Schmid, Wolfgang, 2013. "On the structure and estimation of hierarchical Archimedean copulas," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 173(2), pages 189-204.
    8. Hobæk Haff, Ingrid & Aas, Kjersti & Frigessi, Arnoldo & Lacal, Virginia, 2016. "Structure learning in Bayesian Networks using regular vines," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 186-208.
    9. Aas, Kjersti & Czado, Claudia & Frigessi, Arnoldo & Bakken, Henrik, 2009. "Pair-copula constructions of multiple dependence," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(2), pages 182-198, April.
    10. Craiu, V. Radu & Sabeti, Avideh, 2012. "In mixed company: Bayesian inference for bivariate conditional copula models with discrete and continuous outcomes," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 106-120.
    11. Li, Fengyun & Zhang, Huacheng & Zheng, Dazhi, 2018. "Seasonality in the cross section of stock returns: Advanced markets versus emerging markets," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 263-281.
    12. Wu, Chih-Chiang & Chung, Huimin & Chang, Yu-Hsien, 2012. "The economic value of co-movement between oil price and exchange rate using copula-based GARCH models," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 270-282.
    13. Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Arreola-Hernandez, Jose & Bekiros, Stelios & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Kayani, Ghulam Mujtaba, 2018. "A systemic risk analysis of Islamic equity markets using vine copula and delta CoVaR modeling," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 104-127.
    14. Tsai, Chun-Li, 2015. "How do U.S. stock returns respond differently to oil price shocks pre-crisis, within the financial crisis, and post-crisis?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 47-62.
    15. Krupskii, Pavel & Joe, Harry, 2013. "Factor copula models for multivariate data," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 85-101.
    16. Tachibana, Minoru, 2018. "Relationship between stock and currency markets conditional on the US stock returns: A vine copula approach," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 75-106.
    17. Mejdoub, Hanène & Ben Arab, Mounira, 2018. "Impact of dependence modeling of non-life insurance risks on capital requirement: D-Vine Copula approach," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 208-218.
    18. Dong Hwan Oh & Andrew J. Patton, 2017. "Modeling Dependence in High Dimensions With Factor Copulas," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(1), pages 139-154, January.
    19. Paul H. Kupiec, 1995. "Techniques for verifying the accuracy of risk measurement models," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 95-24, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    20. Danbolt, Jo & Hirst, Ian & Jones, Edward, 2018. "Gaming the FTSE 100 index," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 50(4), pages 364-378.
    21. Kole, Erik & Koedijk, Kees & Verbeek, Marno, 2007. "Selecting copulas for risk management," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(8), pages 2405-2423, August.
    22. Fengler, Matthias R. & Okhrin, Ostap, 2016. "Managing risk with a realized copula parameter," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 131-152.
    23. Huang, Jen-Jsung & Lee, Kuo-Jung & Liang, Hueimei & Lin, Wei-Fu, 2009. "Estimating value at risk of portfolio by conditional copula-GARCH method," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(3), pages 315-324, December.
    24. Hering, Christian & Hofert, Marius & Mai, Jan-Frederik & Scherer, Matthias, 2010. "Constructing hierarchical Archimedean copulas with Lévy subordinators," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 101(6), pages 1428-1433, July.
    25. Harvey, A C & Todd, P H J, 1983. "Forecasting Economic Time Series with Structural and Box-Jenkins Models: A Case Study," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 1(4), pages 299-307, October.
    26. Harvey, A C & Todd, P H J, 1983. "Forecasting Economic Time Series with Structural and Box-Jenkins Models: A Case Study: Response," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 1(4), pages 313-315, October.
    27. Kaishev, Vladimir K. & Dimitrova, Dimitrina S. & Haberman, Steven, 2007. "Modelling the joint distribution of competing risks survival times using copula functions," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 41(3), pages 339-361, November.
    28. Reboredo, Juan C. & Ugolini, Andrea, 2015. "A vine-copula conditional value-at-risk approach to systemic sovereign debt risk for the financial sector," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 98-123.
    29. Rockafellar, R. Tyrrell & Uryasev, Stanislav, 2002. "Conditional value-at-risk for general loss distributions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(7), pages 1443-1471, July.
    30. Berger, T. & Missong, M., 2014. "Financial crisis, Value-at-Risk forecasts and the puzzle of dependency modeling," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 33-38.
    31. So, Mike K.P. & Yeung, Cherry Y.T., 2014. "Vine-copula GARCH model with dynamic conditional dependence," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 655-671.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Shu-Ling Lin & Xiao Jin, 2023. "Does ESG Predict Systemic Banking Crises? A Computational Economics Model of Early Warning Systems with Interpretable Multi-Variable LSTM based on Mixture Attention," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-15, January.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jianxu Liu & Quanrui Song & Yang Qi & Sanzidur Rahman & Songsak Sriboonchitta, 2020. "Measurement of Systemic Risk in Global Financial Markets and Its Application in Forecasting Trading Decisions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-15, May.
    2. Dai, Xingyu & Wang, Qunwei & Zha, Donglan & Zhou, Dequn, 2020. "Multi-scale dependence structure and risk contagion between oil, gold, and US exchange rate: A wavelet-based vine-copula approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    3. Manner, Hans & Alavi Fard, Farzad & Pourkhanali, Armin & Tafakori, Laleh, 2019. "Forecasting the joint distribution of Australian electricity prices using dynamic vine copulae," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 143-164.
    4. Ostap Okhrin & Anastasija Tetereva, 2017. "The Realized Hierarchical Archimedean Copula in Risk Modelling," Econometrics, MDPI, vol. 5(2), pages 1-31, June.
    5. Maziar Sahamkhadam & Andreas Stephan, 2019. "Portfolio optimization based on forecasting models using vine copulas: An empirical assessment for the financial crisis," Papers 1912.10328, arXiv.org.
    6. Zhang, Bangzheng & Wei, Yu & Yu, Jiang & Lai, Xiaodong & Peng, Zhenfeng, 2014. "Forecasting VaR and ES of stock index portfolio: A Vine copula method," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 416(C), pages 112-124.
    7. Berger, T. & Missong, M., 2014. "Financial crisis, Value-at-Risk forecasts and the puzzle of dependency modeling," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 33-38.
    8. Zhu, Wenjun & Wang, Chou-Wen & Tan, Ken Seng, 2016. "Structure and estimation of Lévy subordinated hierarchical Archimedean copulas (LSHAC): Theory and empirical tests," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 20-36.
    9. Han, Yingwei & Li, Jie, 2022. "Should investors include green bonds in their portfolios? Evidence for the USA and Europe," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    10. Manner, Hans & Stark, Florian & Wied, Dominik, 2019. "Testing for structural breaks in factor copula models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 208(2), pages 324-345.
    11. Müller, Dominik & Czado, Claudia, 2019. "Dependence modelling in ultra high dimensions with vine copulas and the Graphical Lasso," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 211-232.
    12. Jiang, Cuixia & Li, Yuqian & Xu, Qifa & Liu, Yezheng, 2021. "Measuring risk spillovers from multiple developed stock markets to China: A vine-copula-GARCH-MIDAS model," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 386-398.
    13. Kumar, Satish & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Chauhan, Yogesh & Ji, Qiang, 2019. "Dependence structure between the BRICS foreign exchange and stock markets using the dependence-switching copula approach," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 273-284.
    14. Bartels, Mariana & Ziegelmann, Flavio A., 2016. "Market risk forecasting for high dimensional portfolios via factor copulas with GAS dynamics," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 66-79.
    15. Ojea Ferreiro, Javier, 2020. "Disentangling the role of the exchange rate in oil-related scenarios for the European stock market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    16. Kjersti Aas, 2016. "Pair-Copula Constructions for Financial Applications: A Review," Econometrics, MDPI, vol. 4(4), pages 1-15, October.
    17. Michael Stanley Smith, 2021. "Implicit Copulas: An Overview," Papers 2109.04718, arXiv.org.
    18. Jianxu Liu & Mengjiao Wang & Songsak Sriboonchitta, 2019. "Examining the Interdependence between the Exchange Rates of China and ASEAN Countries: A Canonical Vine Copula Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(19), pages 1-20, October.
    19. Alexander, Carol & Sheedy, Elizabeth, 2008. "Developing a stress testing framework based on market risk models," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(10), pages 2220-2236, October.
    20. Bassetti, Federico & De Giuli, Maria Elena & Nicolino, Enrica & Tarantola, Claudia, 2018. "Multivariate dependence analysis via tree copula models: An application to one-year forward energy contracts," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 269(3), pages 1107-1121.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:7:y:2019:i:3:p:274-:d:214784. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.