IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jmathe/v11y2023i13p2961-d1185733.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Contagion Patterns Classification in Stock Indices: A Functional Clustering Analysis Using Decision Trees

Author

Listed:
  • Jorge Omar Razo-De-Anda

    (Escuela Superior de Economía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11350, Mexico)

  • Luis Lorenzo Romero-Castro

    (Facultad de Economía, Contaduría y Administración, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango 34000, Mexico)

  • Francisco Venegas-Martínez

    (Escuela Superior de Economía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11350, Mexico)

Abstract

This paper aims to identify the main determinants of the countries that present contagion during the period 2000–2021, based on the determination of the behavior patterns of 18 stock market indices of 15 of the main economies. To do that, first, the B-spline method and Bezier curves are used to smooth observations by minimizing the noise. Subsequently, the Functional Principal Component Analysis (FPCA) methodology is applied. Then, the K-means clustering algorithm is used to determine the main groups using the silhouette method and cross-validation, considering the sum of squares of the distances as the function to minimize. Finally, classification trees and macroeconomic and financial analyses are used to determine the rules of variables that give a direct explanation of the contagion (clustering) between the stock indices. The main empirical results obtained suggest that the most significant macroeconomic variables are the Gross Domestic Product, the Consumer Price Index, and Foreign Direct Investment, while in the financial aspect and the most representative are Domestic Credit and number of companies listed on the stock market. It is worth noticing that government spending does not have a significant effect at any time as a determinant of contagion. Finally, it is important to mention, and surprising, that Mexico’s IPC was not clustered in the same group of US stock market indices anytime, despite the strong commercial relationship and the geographical closeness.

Suggested Citation

  • Jorge Omar Razo-De-Anda & Luis Lorenzo Romero-Castro & Francisco Venegas-Martínez, 2023. "Contagion Patterns Classification in Stock Indices: A Functional Clustering Analysis Using Decision Trees," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(13), pages 1-27, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:11:y:2023:i:13:p:2961-:d:1185733
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/13/2961/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/13/2961/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Uddin, Gazi Salah & Yahya, Muhammad & Goswami, Gour Gobinda & Lucey, Brian & Ahmed, Ali, 2022. "Stock market contagion during the COVID-19 pandemic in emerging economies," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 302-309.
    2. Hassan, M. Kabir & Sanchez, Benito & Yu, Jung-Suk, 2011. "Financial development and economic growth: New evidence from panel data," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 88-104, February.
    3. Gkillas, Konstantinos & Tsagkanos, Athanasios & Vortelinos, Dimitrios I., 2019. "Integration and risk contagion in financial crises: Evidence from international stock markets," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 350-365.
    4. Imen Zorgati & Faten Lakhal & Elmoez Zaabi, 2019. "Financial contagion in the subprime crisis context: A copula approach," Post-Print hal-02052406, HAL.
    5. Ye, Wuyi & Jiang, Kunliang & Liu, Xiaoquan, 2021. "Financial contagion and the TIR-MIDAS model," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).
    6. Adriana AnaMaria Davidescu & Eduard Mihai Manta & Razvan Gabriel Hapau & Mihaela Gruiescu & Oana Mihaela Vacaru (Boita), 2023. "Exploring the Contagion Effect from Developed to Emerging CEE Financial Markets," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-50, January.
    7. Wei-Shun Kao & Tzu-Chuan Kao & Chang-Cheng Changchien & Li-Hsun Wang & Kuei-Tzu Yeh, 2018. "Contagion in International Stock Markets After the Subprime Mortgage Crisis," Chinese Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 51(2), pages 130-153, March.
    8. Banerjee, Ameet Kumar, 2021. "Futures market and the contagion effect of COVID-19 syndrome," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 43(C).
    9. Yarovaya, Larisa & Brzeszczyński, Janusz & Goodell, John W. & Lucey, Brian & Lau, Chi Keung Marco, 2022. "Rethinking financial contagion: Information transmission mechanism during the COVID-19 pandemic," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    10. Julien Chevallier, 2020. "COVID-19 Pandemic and Financial Contagion," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-25, December.
    11. Zhou, Zhongbao & Lin, Ling & Li, Shuxian, 2018. "International stock market contagion: A CEEMDAN wavelet analysis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 333-352.
    12. Marcello Pericoli & Massimo Sbracia, 2003. "A Primer on Financial Contagion," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 17(4), pages 571-608, September.
    13. Wahbeeah Mohti & Andreia Dionísio & Paulo Ferreira & Isabel Vieira, 2019. "Contagion of the Subprime Financial Crisis on Frontier Stock Markets: A Copula Analysis," Economies, MDPI, vol. 7(1), pages 1-14, February.
    14. Haile, Fasika & Pozo, Susan, 2008. "Currency crisis contagion and the identification of transmission channels," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(4), pages 572-588, October.
    15. BenMim, Imen & BenSaïda, Ahmed, 2019. "Financial contagion across major stock markets: A study during crisis episodes," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 187-201.
    16. Okorie, David Iheke & Lin, Boqiang, 2021. "Stock markets and the COVID-19 fractal contagion effects," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 38(C).
    17. Zorgati, Imen & Lakhal, Faten & Zaabi, Elmoez, 2019. "Financial contagion in the subprime crisis context: A copula approach," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 269-282.
    18. Dewandaru, Ginanjar & Masih, Rumi & Masih, A. Mansur M., 2016. "Contagion and interdependence across Asia-Pacific equity markets: An analysis based on multi-horizon discrete and continuous wavelet transformations," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 363-377.
    19. Bogumił Kamiński & Michał Jakubczyk & Przemysław Szufel, 2018. "A framework for sensitivity analysis of decision trees," Central European Journal of Operations Research, Springer;Slovak Society for Operations Research;Hungarian Operational Research Society;Czech Society for Operations Research;Österr. Gesellschaft für Operations Research (ÖGOR);Slovenian Society Informatika - Section for Operational Research;Croatian Operational Research Society, vol. 26(1), pages 135-159, March.
    20. Hector Díaz Rodríguez & Christian Bucio, 2018. "Contagio bursátil en los mercados del TLCAN, países emergentes y el mercado global," Remef - Revista Mexicana de Economía y Finanzas Nueva Época REMEF (The Mexican Journal of Economics and Finance), Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas, IMEF, vol. 13(3), pages 345-362, Julio-Sep.
    21. Jiannan Yu & Jinlou Zhao, 2020. "Prediction of Systemic Risk Contagion Based on a Dynamic Complex Network Model Using Machine Learning Algorithm," Complexity, Hindawi, vol. 2020, pages 1-13, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Chen, Bing & Li, Li & Peng, Fei & Anwar, Sajid, 2020. "Risk contagion in the banking network: New evidence from China," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    2. Paravee Maneejuk & Woraphon Yamaka, 2019. "Predicting Contagion from the US Financial Crisis to International Stock Markets Using Dynamic Copula with Google Trends," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 7(11), pages 1-29, November.
    3. Pawan Kumar & Vipul Kumar Singh, 2023. "Examining the Time Varying Spillover Dynamics of Indian Financial Indictors from Global and Local Economic Uncertainty," Journal of Quantitative Economics, Springer;The Indian Econometric Society (TIES), vol. 21(1), pages 99-121, March.
    4. Mohammad Karimi & Marcel‐Cristian Voia, 2019. "Empirics of currency crises: A duration analysis approach," Review of Financial Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(3), pages 428-449, July.
    5. Yizhuo Zhang & Rui Chen & Ding Ma, 2020. "A Weighted and Directed Perspective of Global Stock Market Connectedness: A Variance Decomposition and GERGM Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-23, June.
    6. Orlov, Alexei G., 2009. "A cospectral analysis of exchange rate comovements during Asian financial crisis," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 19(5), pages 742-758, December.
    7. Abubakar Jamaladeen & David E. Omoregie & Samuel F. Onipede & Nafiu A. Bashir, 2022. "A regime-switching skew-normal model of contagion in some selected stock markets," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 2(12), pages 1-20, December.
    8. Imen Bedoui-Belghith & Slaheddine Hallara & Faouzi Jilani, 2023. "Crisis transmission degree measurement under crisis propagation model," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 3(1), pages 1-27, January.
    9. Jiang, Hai & Tang, Shenfeng & Li, Lifang & Xu, Fangming & Di, Qian, 2022. "Re-examining the Contagion Channels of Global Financial Crises: Evidence from the Twelve Years since the US Subprime Crisis," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    10. Yarovaya, Larisa & Brzeszczyński, Janusz & Goodell, John W. & Lucey, Brian & Lau, Chi Keung Marco, 2022. "Rethinking financial contagion: Information transmission mechanism during the COVID-19 pandemic," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    11. Zhang, Wenwen & Cao, Shuo & Zhang, Xuan & Qu, Xuefeng, 2023. "COVID-19 and stock market performance: Evidence from the RCEP countries," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 717-735.
    12. Kamila Tomczak, 2023. "Transmission of the 2007–2008 financial crisis in advanced countries of the European Union," Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 75(1), pages 40-64, January.
    13. Adeabah, David & Abakah, Emmanuel Joel Aikins & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Hammoudeh, Shawkat, 2023. "How far have we come and where should we go after 30+ years of research on Africa's emerging financial markets? A systematic review and a bibliometric network analysis," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    14. Ahmed BenSaïda & Houda Litimi, 2021. "Financial contagion across G10 stock markets: A study during major crises," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(3), pages 4798-4821, July.
    15. Tsai, I-Chun, 2022. "Changes in social behavior and impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on regional housing markets: Independence and risk," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(C).
    16. Piersanti, Giovanni, 2012. "The Macroeconomic Theory of Exchange Rate Crises," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780199653126.
    17. Azzam, Islam & El-Masry, Ahmed A. & Yamani, Ehab, 2023. "Foreign exchange market efficiency during COVID-19 pandemic," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 717-730.
    18. Zhang, Yi & Zhou, Long & Chen, Yajiao & Liu, Fang, 2022. "The contagion effect of jump risk across Asian stock markets during the Covid-19 pandemic," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    19. Martina Halouskov'a & Daniel Stav{s}ek & Mat'uv{s} Horv'ath, 2022. "The role of investor attention in global asset price variation during the invasion of Ukraine," Papers 2205.05985, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2022.
    20. Marina Yu. Malkina & Anton O. Ovcharov, 2022. "Financial Contagion of Russian Companies from the Oil Market under the Influence of Sanctions and Pandemic Shock," Finansovyj žhurnal — Financial Journal, Financial Research Institute, Moscow 125375, Russia, issue 4, pages 8-28, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:11:y:2023:i:13:p:2961-:d:1185733. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.