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Intimate Partner Violence against Women during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain

Author

Listed:
  • Carmen Vives-Cases

    (Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine, Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
    CIBER for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain)

  • Daniel La Parra-Casado

    (Department of Sociology II, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
    Interuniversity Institute of Social Development and Peace, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain)

  • Jesús F. Estévez

    (Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain)

  • Jordi Torrubiano-Domínguez

    (Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine, Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain)

  • Belén Sanz-Barbero

    (CIBER for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
    National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain)

Abstract

Aims: To analyze the temporal and geographical distribution of different indicators for the evolution of intimate partner violence against women (IPV) before, during and after the COVID-19 induced lockdown between March and June 2020 in Spain. Methods: Descriptive ecological study based on numbers of 016-calls, policy reports, women killed, and protection orders (PO) issued due to IPV across Spain as a whole and by province (2015–2020). We calculated quarterly rates for each indicator. A cluster analysis was performed using 016-call rates and protection orders by province in the second quarters of 2019 and 2020. ANOVAs were calculated for clustering by province, unemployment rates by province, and the current IPV prevalence. Results: During the second quarter of 2020, the highest 016-call rate was recorded (12.19 per 10,000 women aged 15 or over). Policy report rates (16.62), POs (2.81), and fatalities (0.19 per 1,000,000 women aged 15 or over) decreased in the second quarter of 2020. In the third quarter, 016-calls decreased, and policy reports and POs increased. Four clusters were identified, and significant differences in unemployment rates between clusters were observed (F = 3.05, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The COVID-19 lockdown fostered a change in IPV-affected women’s help-seeking behavior. Differences between the volume of contacts made via 016-call and the policy reports generated provide evidence for the existence of barriers to IPV-service access during the lockdown and the period of remote working. More efforts are needed to reorganize services to cope with IPV in non-presential situations. The provinces with the highest 016-call and PO rates were also those with the highest rates of unemployment, a worrying result given the current socioeconomic crisis.

Suggested Citation

  • Carmen Vives-Cases & Daniel La Parra-Casado & Jesús F. Estévez & Jordi Torrubiano-Domínguez & Belén Sanz-Barbero, 2021. "Intimate Partner Violence against Women during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-9, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:9:p:4698-:d:545330
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. O'Campo, P. & Gielen, A.C. & Faden, R.R. & Xue, X. & Kass, N. & Wang, M.-C., 1995. "Violence by male partners against women during the childbearing year: A contextual analysis," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 85(8), pages 1092-1097.
    2. Charrad, Malika & Ghazzali, Nadia & Boiteau, Véronique & Niknafs, Azam, 2014. "NbClust: An R Package for Determining the Relevant Number of Clusters in a Data Set," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 61(i06).
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    1. Leona Plášilová & Martin Hůla & Lucie Krejčová & Kateřina Klapilová, 2021. "The COVID-19 Pandemic and Intimate Partner Violence against Women in the Czech Republic: Incidence and Associated Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-14, October.
    2. Lili Li & Araz Taeihagh & Si Ying Tan, 2023. "A scoping review of the impacts of COVID-19 physical distancing measures on vulnerable population groups," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-19, December.
    3. Erika Cantor & Rodrigo Salas & Romina Torres, 2022. "Femicide and Attempted Femicide before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chile," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-13, June.

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