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Use of Renewable Energy Sources in the European Union and the Visegrad Group Countries—Results of Cluster Analysis

Author

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  • Elżbieta Kacperska

    (Institute of Economics and Finance, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Katarzyna Łukasiewicz

    (Management Institute, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Piotr Pietrzak

    (Management Institute, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

Abstract

Increasing the use of renewable energy sources is one of the strategic objectives of the European Union. In this regard, it seems necessary to answer the question: which of the member countries are the most effective in its implementation? Therefore, the main goal was to distinguish groups of European Union countries, including the Visegrad Group, differing in the use of renewable energy sources in transport, electricity, heating and cooling (based on cluster analysis). All members of the EU were determinedly selected for research on 1 February 2020 (27 countries). The research period embraced the years 2009–2019. The sources of materials were the literature on the topic and data from Eurostat. Descriptive, tabular, graphical methods and cluster analysis were used in the presentation and analysis of materials. In 2019 wind and hydro power accounted for two-thirds of the total electricity generated from renewable sources. In 2019, renewable energy sources made up 34% of gross electricity consumption in the EU-27. Wind and hydro power accounted for two-thirds of the total electricity generated from renewable sources (35% each). Moreover, it was determined that there were 5 clusters that differed in their use of renewable energy sources. The highest average renewable energy consumption in transport, heating and cooling in 2019 was characterized by a cluster consisting of Sweden and Finland. In contrast, the highest average renewable energy consumption in electricity was characterized by a cluster consisting of countries such as: Austria, Croatia, Denmark, Latvia and Portugal. Finally, in a group that included countries such as Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands and the entire VG (Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia and Poland), renewable energy consumption rates (in transport, electricity, heating and cooling) were lower than the EU average (27 countries).

Suggested Citation

  • Elżbieta Kacperska & Katarzyna Łukasiewicz & Piotr Pietrzak, 2021. "Use of Renewable Energy Sources in the European Union and the Visegrad Group Countries—Results of Cluster Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-17, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:18:p:5680-:d:632355
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    2. Marian Woźniak & Aleksandra Badora & Krzysztof Kud, 2023. "Expectations of the Inhabitants of South-Eastern Poland Regarding the Energy Market, in the Context of the COVID-19 Crisis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-25, July.
    3. Agnieszka Wałachowska & Aranka Ignasiak-Szulc, 2021. "Comparison of Renewable Energy Sources in ‘New’ EU Member States in the Context of National Energy Transformations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-17, November.
    4. Robert Huterski & Agnieszka Huterska & Ewa Zdunek-Rosa & Grażyna Voss, 2021. "Evaluation of the Level of Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy Sources in European Union Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-18, December.
    5. Anna Marciniuk-Kluska & Mariusz Kluska, 2023. "Forecasting Energy Recovery from Municipal Waste in a Closed-Loop Economy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-15, March.
    6. Marcin Bukowski & Janusz Majewski & Agnieszka Sobolewska, 2023. "The Environmental Impact of Changes in the Structure of Electricity Sources in Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-22, January.
    7. Joanna Kisielińska & Monika Roman & Piotr Pietrzak & Michał Roman & Katarzyna Łukasiewicz & Elżbieta Kacperska, 2021. "Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources in Road Transport in EU Countries—TOPSIS Results," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-18, November.
    8. Zhimin Luo & Jinlong Ma & Zhiqiang Jiang, 2022. "Research on Power System Dispatching Operation under High Proportion of Wind Power Consumption," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-17, September.
    9. Suman Gupta, 2023. "Nudging International Sustainable Practices Confirmed with Renewable Energy Consumption," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(6), pages 494-503, November.
    10. Jacek Brożyna & Wadim Strielkowski & Aleš Zpěvák, 2023. "Evaluating the Chances of Implementing the “Fit for 55” Green Transition Package in the V4 Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-17, March.
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    12. Stancu Stelian & Pernici Andreea, 2023. "Assessing the Evolution of the Energy Mix Worldwide, with a Focus on the Renewable Energy Transition," Management & Marketing, Sciendo, vol. 18(s1), pages 384-397, December.

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