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Organic Carbonate Production Utilizing Crude Glycerol Derived as By-Product of Biodiesel Production: A Review

Author

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  • Saifuddin Nomanbhay

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Mei Yin Ong

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Kit Wayne Chew

    (School of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Pau-Loke Show

    (Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Man Kee Lam

    (Chemical Engineering Department, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia)

  • Wei-Hsin Chen

    (Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
    Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan
    Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan)

Abstract

As a promising alternative renewable liquid fuel, biodiesel production has increased and eventually led to an increase in the production of its by-product, crude glycerol. The vast generation of glycerol has surpassed the market demand. Hence, the crude glycerol produced should be utilized effectively to increase the viability of biodiesel production. One of them is through crude glycerol upgrading, which is not economical. A good deal of attention has been dedicated to research for alternative material and chemicals derived from sustainable biomass resources. It will be more valuable if the crude glycerol is converted into glycerol derivatives, and so, increase the economic possibility of the biodiesel production. Studies showed that glycerol carbonate plays an important role, as a building block, in synthesizing the glycerol oligomers at milder conditions under microwave irradiation. This review presents a brief outline of the physio-chemical, thermodynamic, toxicological, production methods, reactivity, and application of organic carbonates derived from glycerol with a major focus on glycerol carbonate and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), as a green chemical, for application in the chemical and biotechnical field. Research gaps and further improvements have also been discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Saifuddin Nomanbhay & Mei Yin Ong & Kit Wayne Chew & Pau-Loke Show & Man Kee Lam & Wei-Hsin Chen, 2020. "Organic Carbonate Production Utilizing Crude Glycerol Derived as By-Product of Biodiesel Production: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-23, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:6:p:1483-:d:335284
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Liu, Xiaoyan & Zhu, Fenfen & Zhang, Rongyan & Zhao, Luyao & Qi, Juanjuan, 2021. "Recent progress on biodiesel production from municipal sewage sludge," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    3. Zhang, Jianan & Wang, Yuesen & Muldoon, Valerie L. & Deng, Sili, 2022. "Crude glycerol and glycerol as fuels and fuel additives in combustion applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    4. Muhammad Harussani Moklis & Shou Cheng & Jeffrey S. Cross, 2023. "Current and Future Trends for Crude Glycerol Upgrading to High Value-Added Products," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-30, February.
    5. Natalia Kujawska & Szymon Talbierz & Marcin Dębowski & Joanna Kazimierowicz & Marcin Zieliński, 2021. "Optimizing Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Production by Schizochytrium sp. Grown on Waste Glycerol," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-17, March.

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