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Changes in Lignin Chemistry of Switchgrass due to Delignification by Sodium Hydroxide Pretreatment

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  • Woochul Jung

    (Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Campus Box 7625, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA)

  • Dhanalekshmi Savithri

    (Department of Forest Biomaterials, Campus Box 8001, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8001, USA)

  • Ratna Sharma-Shivappa

    (Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Campus Box 7625, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA)

  • Praveen Kolar

    (Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Campus Box 7625, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA)

Abstract

Switchgrass was pretreated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at various concentrations and pretreatment times to investigate how delignification caused by NaOH affects its lignin chemistry. NaOH resulted in significant delignification ranging from 44.0 to 84.6% depending on pretreatment intensity. While there was no significant glucan loss due to NaOH pretreatment, higher NaOH concentrations removed xylan by up to 28.3%. Nitrobenzene oxidation (NBO) was used to study changes in lignin chemistry, and indicated that at higher NaOH concentrations, the amount of 4-hydroxygenzaldehyde (Hy) degraded from p -hydroxyphenyl propanol (H) lignin units was significantly reduced ( p < 0.05). However, amounts of syringic (SA) and vanillic (VA) acids generated from syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) degradation were greater at higher NaOH concentration. S/G ratio (=0.62 raw switchgrass) did not significantly ( p > 0.05) change with 15 min pretreatment, but it increased to 0.75 and 0.72, respectively, with 30 and 60 min pretreatments ( p < 0.05). Increase in NaOH concentration did not significantly ( p > 0.05) change S/G ratio, but H/G ratio (=0.48 raw switchgrass) decreased significantly to 0.14 regardless of pretreatment times. Overall, the H unit was found to be more susceptible to NaOH than S and G unit monolignols. Though changes in lignin chemistry due to NaOH concentration were observed, their impact on cellulolytic enzyme action during hydrolysis could not be fully understood. Further studies on lignin isolation may help to determine how these changes in lignin chemistry by NaOH impact cellulolytic enzymes.

Suggested Citation

  • Woochul Jung & Dhanalekshmi Savithri & Ratna Sharma-Shivappa & Praveen Kolar, 2018. "Changes in Lignin Chemistry of Switchgrass due to Delignification by Sodium Hydroxide Pretreatment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-12, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:11:y:2018:i:2:p:376-:d:130353
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    1. Haghighi Mood, Sohrab & Hossein Golfeshan, Amir & Tabatabaei, Meisam & Salehi Jouzani, Gholamreza & Najafi, Gholam Hassan & Gholami, Mehdi & Ardjmand, Mehdi, 2013. "Lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol, a comprehensive review with a focus on pretreatment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 77-93.
    2. Jensen, Kimberly L. & Clark, Christopher D. & Ellis, Pamela & English, Burton C. & Menard, R. Jamey & Walsh, Marie E., 2006. "Farmer Willingness to Grow Switchgrass for Energy Production," 2006 Annual meeting, July 23-26, Long Beach, CA 21355, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
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    1. Anu, & Kumar, Anil & Rapoport, Alexander & Kunze, Gotthard & Kumar, Sanjeev & Singh, Davender & Singh, Bijender, 2020. "Multifarious pretreatment strategies for the lignocellulosic substrates for the generation of renewable and sustainable biofuels: A review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 1228-1252.

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