IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v140y2021ics1364032121000459.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Environmental, economic, and social impacts of geothermal energy systems

Author

Listed:
  • Soltani, M.
  • Moradi Kashkooli, Farshad
  • Souri, Mohammad
  • Rafiei, Behnam
  • Jabarifar, Mohammad
  • Gharali, Kobra
  • Nathwani, Jatin S.

Abstract

Geothermal Energy (GE) is a non-carbon renewable source of sustainable energy with untapped potential for mitigating the threat of climate change. To achieve a sustainable pathway for development, evaluation of technical and economic constraints must be addressed within a framework of environmental governance and social and legal challenges that arise during implementing of geothermal projects. Key barriers to deployment of geothermal resources on a wide scale include high capital costs, location and quality of resource at different depths and opposition by local communities. Here we provide a detailed review of the barriers, identify credible solutions and highlight options for enhancing geothermal capacity and energy production on a global scale required to meet ‘net-zero’ carbon emission targets. Globally by 2050 as part of a strategy to reduce greenhouse gases. This study is a valid source for upcoming studies and implementations by analyzing the influential factors on the development and future of geothermal energy.

Suggested Citation

  • Soltani, M. & Moradi Kashkooli, Farshad & Souri, Mohammad & Rafiei, Behnam & Jabarifar, Mohammad & Gharali, Kobra & Nathwani, Jatin S., 2021. "Environmental, economic, and social impacts of geothermal energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:140:y:2021:i:c:s1364032121000459
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.110750
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032121000459
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110750?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Walraven, Daniël & Laenen, Ben & D’haeseleer, William, 2015. "Minimizing the levelized cost of electricity production from low-temperature geothermal heat sources with ORCs: Water or air cooled?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 144-153.
    2. Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad & Mortha, Aline & Farabi-Asl, Hadi & Sarker, Tapan & Chapman, Andrew & Shigetomi, Yosuke & Fraser, Timothy, 2020. "Role of energy finance in geothermal power development in Japan," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 398-412.
    3. Van Erdeweghe, Sarah & Van Bael, Johan & Laenen, Ben & D’haeseleer, William, 2019. "Design and off-design optimization procedure for low-temperature geothermal organic Rankine cycles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C), pages 716-731.
    4. Shi, Yu & Song, Xianzhi & Shen, Zhonghou & Wang, Gaosheng & Li, Xiaojiang & Zheng, Rui & Geng, Lidong & Li, Jiacheng & Zhang, Shikun, 2018. "Numerical investigation on heat extraction performance of a CO2 enhanced geothermal system with multilateral wells," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 38-51.
    5. Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali & Sayed, Enas Taha & Nakagawa, Nobuyoshi, 2020. "Significance of diffusion layers on the performance of liquid and vapor feed passive direct methanol fuel cells," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
    6. Li, Kewen & Bian, Huiyuan & Liu, Changwei & Zhang, Danfeng & Yang, Yanan, 2015. "Comparison of geothermal with solar and wind power generation systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 1464-1474.
    7. Lu, Shyi-Min, 2018. "A global review of enhanced geothermal system (EGS)," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2902-2921.
    8. Hondo, Hiroki, 2005. "Life cycle GHG emission analysis of power generation systems: Japanese case," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 30(11), pages 2042-2056.
    9. Ogola, Pacifica F. Achieng & Davidsdottir, Brynhildur & Fridleifsson, Ingvar Birgir, 2011. "Lighting villages at the end of the line with geothermal energy in eastern Baringo lowlands, Kenya – Steps towards reaching the millennium development goals (MDGs)," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(8), pages 4067-4079.
    10. Andy Stirling, 2014. "Towards Innovation Democracy? Participation, Responsibility and Precaution in Innovation Governance," SPRU Working Paper Series 2014-24, SPRU - Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex Business School.
    11. Esteves, Ana Filipa & Santos, Francisca Maria & Magalhães Pires, José Carlos, 2019. "Carbon dioxide as geothermal working fluid: An overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1-1.
    12. Shortall, Ruth & Davidsdottir, Brynhildur & Axelsson, Guðni, 2015. "Geothermal energy for sustainable development: A review of sustainability impacts and assessment frameworks," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 391-406.
    13. Moya, Diego & Paredes, Juan & Kaparaju, Prasad, 2018. "Technical, financial, economic and environmental pre-feasibility study of geothermal power plants by RETScreen – Ecuador's case study," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 628-637.
    14. Pellizzone, Anna & Allansdottir, Agnes & De Franco, Roberto & Muttoni, Giovanni & Manzella, Adele, 2017. "Geothermal energy and the public: A case study on deliberative citizens’ engagement in central Italy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 561-570.
    15. Bayer, Peter & Attard, Guillaume & Blum, Philipp & Menberg, Kathrin, 2019. "The geothermal potential of cities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 17-30.
    16. Sanchez-Alfaro, Pablo & Sielfeld, Gerd & Campen, Bart Van & Dobson, Patrick & Fuentes, Víctor & Reed, Andy & Palma-Behnke, Rodrigo & Morata, Diego, 2015. "Geothermal barriers, policies and economics in Chile – Lessons for the Andes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 1390-1401.
    17. Gaucher, Emmanuel & Schoenball, Martin & Heidbach, Oliver & Zang, Arno & Fokker, Peter A. & van Wees, Jan-Diederik & Kohl, Thomas, 2015. "Induced seismicity in geothermal reservoirs: A review of forecasting approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1473-1490.
    18. Kazemi, A.R. & Mahbaz, S.B. & Dehghani-Sanij, A.R. & Dusseault, M.B. & Fraser, R., 2019. "Performance Evaluation of an Enhanced Geothermal System in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-1.
    19. Nian, Victor & Chou, S.K. & Su, Bin & Bauly, John, 2014. "Life cycle analysis on carbon emissions from power generation – The nuclear energy example," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 68-82.
    20. Francesco, Tinti & Annamaria, Pangallo & Martina, Berneschi & Dario, Tosoni & Dušan, Rajver & Simona, Pestotnik & Dalibor, Jovanović & Tomislav, Rudinica & Slavisa, Jelisić & Branko, Zlokapa & Attilio, 2016. "How to boost shallow geothermal energy exploitation in the adriatic area: the LEGEND project experience," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 190-204.
    21. Bayer, Peter & Rybach, Ladislaus & Blum, Philipp & Brauchler, Ralf, 2013. "Review on life cycle environmental effects of geothermal power generation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 446-463.
    22. Anderson, Austin & Rezaie, Behnaz, 2019. "Geothermal technology: Trends and potential role in a sustainable future," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C), pages 18-34.
    23. Rahmanifard, Hamid & Plaksina, Tatyana, 2019. "Hybrid compressed air energy storage, wind and geothermal energy systems in Alberta: Feasibility simulation and economic assessment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 453-470.
    24. Van Erdeweghe, Sarah & Van Bael, Johan & Laenen, Ben & D'haeseleer, William, 2018. "Feasibility study of a low-temperature geothermal power plant for multiple economic scenarios," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 1004-1012.
    25. Cucchiella, Federica & D’Adamo, Idiano, 2012. "Feasibility study of developing photovoltaic power projects in Italy: An integrated approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 1562-1576.
    26. Frick, Stephanie & Kaltschmitt, Martin & Schröder, Gerd, 2010. "Life cycle assessment of geothermal binary power plants using enhanced low-temperature reservoirs," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 2281-2294.
    27. Daniilidis, Alexandros & Alpsoy, Betül & Herber, Rien, 2017. "Impact of technical and economic uncertainties on the economic performance of a deep geothermal heat system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PB), pages 805-816.
    28. Eyerer, S. & Schifflechner, C. & Hofbauer, S. & Bauer, W. & Wieland, C. & Spliethoff, H., 2020. "Combined heat and power from hydrothermal geothermal resources in Germany: An assessment of the potential," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    29. Gude, Veera Gnaneswar, 2016. "Geothermal source potential for water desalination – Current status and future perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 1038-1065.
    30. Pan, Shu-Yuan & Gao, Mengyao & Shah, Kinjal J. & Zheng, Jianming & Pei, Si-Lu & Chiang, Pen-Chi, 2019. "Establishment of enhanced geothermal energy utilization plans: Barriers and strategies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 19-32.
    31. Pacca, Sergio & Sivaraman, Deepak & Keoleian, Gregory A., 2007. "Parameters affecting the life cycle performance of PV technologies and systems," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(6), pages 3316-3326, June.
    32. Lu, Qi & Narsilio, Guillermo A. & Aditya, Gregorius Riyan & Johnston, Ian W., 2017. "Economic analysis of vertical ground source heat pump systems in Melbourne," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 107-117.
    33. Hou, Jianchao & Cao, Mengchao & Liu, Pingkuo, 2018. "Development and utilization of geothermal energy in China: Current practices and future strategies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 401-412.
    34. Günther, Michael & Hellmann, Tim, 2017. "International environmental agreements for local and global pollution," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 38-58.
    35. Barbier, Enrico, 2002. "Geothermal energy technology and current status: an overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 6(1-2), pages 3-65.
    36. DeLovato, Nicolas & Sundarnath, Kavin & Cvijovic, Lazar & Kota, Krishna & Kuravi, Sarada, 2019. "A review of heat recovery applications for solar and geothermal power plants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1-1.
    37. Hanbury, O. & Vasquez, V.R., 2018. "Life cycle analysis of geothermal energy for power and transportation: A stochastic approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 371-381.
    38. Eyerer, Sebastian & Dawo, Fabian & Kaindl, Johannes & Wieland, Christoph & Spliethoff, Hartmut, 2019. "Experimental investigation of modern ORC working fluids R1224yd(Z) and R1233zd(E) as replacements for R245fa," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C), pages 946-963.
    39. DiPippo, Ronald, 1991. "Geothermal energy Electricity generation and environmental impact," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 19(8), pages 798-807, October.
    40. Zhu, Jialing & Hu, Kaiyong & Lu, Xinli & Huang, Xiaoxue & Liu, Ketao & Wu, Xiujie, 2015. "A review of geothermal energy resources, development, and applications in China: Current status and prospects," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P1), pages 466-483.
    41. Zeng, Yu-Chao & Wu, Neng-You & Su, Zheng & Wang, Xiao-Xing & Hu, Jian, 2013. "Numerical simulation of heat production potential from hot dry rock by water circulating through a novel single vertical fracture at Desert Peak geothermal field," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 268-282.
    42. Weisser, Daniel, 2007. "A guide to life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from electric supply technologies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(9), pages 1543-1559.
    43. Song, Xianzhi & Shi, Yu & Li, Gensheng & Yang, Ruiyue & Wang, Gaosheng & Zheng, Rui & Li, Jiacheng & Lyu, Zehao, 2018. "Numerical simulation of heat extraction performance in enhanced geothermal system with multilateral wells," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C), pages 325-337.
    44. Farzanehkhameneh, Pooya & Soltani, M. & Moradi Kashkooli, Farshad & Ziabasharhagh, Masoud, 2020. "Optimization and energy-economic assessment of a geothermal heat pump system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    45. Pehnt, Martin, 2006. "Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy technologies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 55-71.
    46. Chiemi Iba & Shun Takano & Shuichi Hokoi, 2018. "An Experiment on Heat Recovery Performance Improvements in Well-Water Heat-Pump Systems for a Traditional Japanese House," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-13, April.
    47. Dowd, Anne-Maree & Boughen, Naomi & Ashworth, Peta & Carr-Cornish, Simone, 2011. "Geothermal technology in Australia: Investigating social acceptance," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(10), pages 6301-6307, October.
    48. Ediger, Volkan Ş. & Kirkil, Gokhan & Çelebi, Emre & Ucal, Meltem & Kentmen-Çin, Çiğdem, 2018. "Turkish public preferences for energy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 492-502.
    49. Dowling, Alexander W. & Zheng, Tian & Zavala, Victor M., 2017. "Economic assessment of concentrated solar power technologies: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 1019-1032.
    50. Lacirignola, Martino & Blanc, Isabelle, 2013. "Environmental analysis of practical design options for enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) through life-cycle assessment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 901-914.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Nur, Suardi & Burton, Bruce & Bergmann, Ariel, 2023. "Evidence on optimal risk allocation models for Indonesian geothermal projects under PPP contracts," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    2. Yuan Zhao & Lingfeng Shu & Shunyi Chen & Jun Zhao & Liangliang Guo, 2022. "Optimization Design of Multi-Factor Combination for Power Generation from an Enhanced Geothermal System by Sensitivity Analysis and Orthogonal Test at Qiabuqia Geothermal Area," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-35, June.
    3. Wang, Zengli & Zhou, Hongyang & Hao, Muming & Wang, Jun & Geng, Maofei, 2022. "Thermodynamic analysis and comparative investigation of a novel total flow and Kalina cycle coupled system for fluctuating geothermal energy utilization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    4. Gkousis, Spiros & Welkenhuysen, Kris & Compernolle, Tine, 2022. "Deep geothermal energy extraction, a review on environmental hotspots with focus on geo-technical site conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    5. Santos, L. & Dahi Taleghani, A. & Elsworth, D., 2022. "Repurposing abandoned wells for geothermal energy: Current status and future prospects," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 1288-1302.
    6. Zhang, Qianxiao & Shah, Syed Ale Raza & Yang, Ling, 2022. "Modeling the effect of disaggregated renewable energies on ecological footprint in E5 economies: Do economic growth and R&D matter?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 310(C).
    7. Xie, Jingxuan & Wang, Jiansheng, 2022. "Compatibility investigation and techno-economic performance optimization of whole geothermal power generation system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 328(C).
    8. Alsaleh, Mohd & Yang, Zhengyong & Chen, Tinggui & Wang, Xiaohui & Abdul-Rahim, Abdul Samad & Mahmood, Haider, 2023. "Moving toward environmental sustainability: Assessing the influence of geothermal power on carbon dioxide emissions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 880-893.
    9. Liang, Xu & Xu, Tianfu & Chen, Jingyi & Jiang, Zhenjiao, 2023. "A deep-learning based model for fracture network characterization constrained by induced micro-seismicity and tracer test data in enhanced geothermal system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    10. Mott, A. & Baba, A. & Hadi Mosleh, M. & Ökten, H.E. & Babaei, M. & Gören, A.Y. & Feng, C. & Recepoğlu, Y.K. & Uzelli, T. & Uytun, H. & Morata, D. & Yüksel, A. & Sedighi, M., 2022. "Boron in geothermal energy: Sources, environmental impacts, and management in geothermal fluid," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    11. Wu, Hong, 2023. "Evaluating the role of renewable energy investment resources and green finance on the economic performance: Evidence from OECD economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    12. Hámor-Vidó, Mária & Hámor, Tamás & Czirok, Lili, 2021. "Underground space, the legal governance of a critical resource in circular economy," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    13. Soltani, M. & Moradi Kashkooli, Farshad & Alian Fini, Mehdi & Gharapetian, Derrick & Nathwani, Jatin & Dusseault, Maurice B., 2022. "A review of nanotechnology fluid applications in geothermal energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Pan, Shu-Yuan & Gao, Mengyao & Shah, Kinjal J. & Zheng, Jianming & Pei, Si-Lu & Chiang, Pen-Chi, 2019. "Establishment of enhanced geothermal energy utilization plans: Barriers and strategies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 19-32.
    2. Anderson, Austin & Rezaie, Behnaz, 2019. "Geothermal technology: Trends and potential role in a sustainable future," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C), pages 18-34.
    3. Ma, Yuanyuan & Li, Shibin & Zhang, Ligang & Liu, Songze & Liu, Zhaoyi & Li, Hao & Shi, Erxiu & Zhang, Haijun, 2020. "Numerical simulation study on the heat extraction performance of multi-well injection enhanced geothermal system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 782-795.
    4. Ma, Yuanyuan & Li, Shibin & Zhang, Ligang & Liu, Songze & Liu, Zhaoyi & Li, Hao & Shi, Erxiu, 2020. "Study on the effect of well layout schemes and fracture parameters on the heat extraction performance of enhanced geothermal system in fractured reservoir," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    5. Riccardo Basosi & Roberto Bonciani & Dario Frosali & Giampaolo Manfrida & Maria Laura Parisi & Franco Sansone, 2020. "Life Cycle Analysis of a Geothermal Power Plant: Comparison of the Environmental Performance with Other Renewable Energy Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-29, April.
    6. Zhou, Luming & Zhu, Zhende & Xie, Xinghua & Hu, Yunjin, 2022. "Coupled thermal–hydraulic–mechanical model for an enhanced geothermal system and numerical analysis of its heat mining performance," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 1440-1458.
    7. Gkousis, Spiros & Welkenhuysen, Kris & Compernolle, Tine, 2022. "Deep geothermal energy extraction, a review on environmental hotspots with focus on geo-technical site conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    8. Menberg, Kathrin & Heberle, Florian & Bott, Christoph & Brüggemann, Dieter & Bayer, Peter, 2021. "Environmental performance of a geothermal power plant using a hydrothermal resource in the Southern German Molasse Basin," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 20-31.
    9. Tomasz Sliwa & Aneta Sapińska-Śliwa & Andrzej Gonet & Tomasz Kowalski & Anna Sojczyńska, 2021. "Geothermal Boreholes in Poland—Overview of the Current State of Knowledge," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-21, June.
    10. Evans, Annette & Strezov, Vladimir & Evans, Tim J., 2009. "Assessment of sustainability indicators for renewable energy technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(5), pages 1082-1088, June.
    11. Wang, Yongzhen & Li, Chengjun & Zhao, Jun & Wu, Boyuan & Du, Yanping & Zhang, Jing & Zhu, Yilin, 2021. "The above-ground strategies to approach the goal of geothermal power generation in China: State of art and future researches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    12. Schifflechner, Christopher & Dawo, Fabian & Eyerer, Sebastian & Wieland, Christoph & Spliethoff, Hartmut, 2020. "Thermodynamic comparison of direct supercritical CO2 and indirect brine-ORC concepts for geothermal combined heat and power generation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 1292-1302.
    13. Buonocore, Elvira & Vanoli, Laura & Carotenuto, Alberto & Ulgiati, Sergio, 2015. "Integrating life cycle assessment and emergy synthesis for the evaluation of a dry steam geothermal power plant in Italy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 476-487.
    14. Bayer, Peter & Rybach, Ladislaus & Blum, Philipp & Brauchler, Ralf, 2013. "Review on life cycle environmental effects of geothermal power generation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 446-463.
    15. Gkousis, Spiros & Thomassen, Gwenny & Welkenhuysen, Kris & Compernolle, Tine, 2022. "Dynamic life cycle assessment of geothermal heat production from medium enthalpy hydrothermal resources," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 328(C).
    16. Sebestyén, Viktor, 2021. "Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews: Environmental impact networks of renewable energy power plants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    17. Yang, Ruiyue & Hong, Chunyang & Liu, Wei & Wu, Xiaoguang & Wang, Tianyu & Huang, Zhongwei, 2021. "Non-contaminating cryogenic fluid access to high-temperature resources: Liquid nitrogen fracturing in a lab-scale Enhanced Geothermal System," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(P1), pages 125-138.
    18. Esteves, Ana Filipa & Santos, Francisca Maria & Magalhães Pires, José Carlos, 2019. "Carbon dioxide as geothermal working fluid: An overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1-1.
    19. Lin, David T.W. & Hsieh, Jui Ching & Shih, Bo Yen, 2019. "The optimization of geothermal extraction based on supercritical CO2 porous heat transfer model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 1162-1171.
    20. Xia, Z.H. & Jia, G.S. & Ma, Z.D. & Wang, J.W. & Zhang, Y.P. & Jin, L.W., 2021. "Analysis of economy, thermal efficiency and environmental impact of geothermal heating system based on life cycle assessments," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:140:y:2021:i:c:s1364032121000459. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.