IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v130y2020ics1364032120302094.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Measuring smart grid resilience: Methods, challenges and opportunities

Author

Listed:
  • Das, Laya
  • Munikoti, Sai
  • Natarajan, Balasubramaniam
  • Srinivasan, Babji

Abstract

With growing concerns related to attacks on the cyber and physical assets associated with the power grid along with the need to mitigate impact of natural disasters, resilience has become a critical and desirable characteristic. There have been numerous efforts to define, measure and analyse resilience of smart grids. In this paper, a detailed review and comparative analysis of qualitative frameworks as well as quantitative metrics for studying resilience are provided. The desirable properties of a resilience metric are highlighted and challenges associated with formulating, developing and calculating such a metric in practical scenarios are discussed. Future research avenues in the area of developing a holistic framework for quantifying resilience are summarized with a focus on challenges related to multi-modal cyber/physical attacks, big data related issues and interdependence of critical infrastructures.

Suggested Citation

  • Das, Laya & Munikoti, Sai & Natarajan, Balasubramaniam & Srinivasan, Babji, 2020. "Measuring smart grid resilience: Methods, challenges and opportunities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:130:y:2020:i:c:s1364032120302094
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109918
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032120302094
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109918?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Molyneaux, Lynette & Brown, Colin & Wagner, Liam & Foster, John, 2016. "Measuring resilience in energy systems: Insights from a range of disciplines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 1068-1079.
    2. Ouyang, Min & Wang, Zhenghua, 2015. "Resilience assessment of interdependent infrastructure systems: With a focus on joint restoration modeling and analysis," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 74-82.
    3. Jordehi, A. Rezaee, 2019. "Optimisation of demand response in electric power systems, a review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 308-319.
    4. Hosseini, Seyedmohsen & Barker, Kash & Ramirez-Marquez, Jose E., 2016. "A review of definitions and measures of system resilience," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 47-61.
    5. Jianxi Gao & Baruch Barzel & Albert-László Barabási, 2016. "Universal resilience patterns in complex networks," Nature, Nature, vol. 530(7590), pages 307-312, February.
    6. Exner, Andreas & Politti, Emilio & Schriefl, Ernst & Erker, Susanna & Stangl, Rosemarie & Baud, Sacha & Warmuth, Hannes & Matzenberger, Julian & Kranzl, Lukas & Paulesich, Reinhard & Windhaber, Markus, 2016. "Measuring regional resilience towards fossil fuel supply constraints. Adaptability and vulnerability in socio-ecological Transformations-the case of Austria," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 128-137.
    7. Adam Rose & Shu‐Yi Liao, 2005. "Modeling Regional Economic Resilience to Disasters: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis of Water Service Disruptions," Journal of Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(1), pages 75-112, February.
    8. Tran, Huy T. & Balchanos, Michael & Domerçant, Jean Charles & Mavris, Dimitri N., 2017. "A framework for the quantitative assessment of performance-based system resilience," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 73-84.
    9. Sharifi, Ayyoob & Yamagata, Yoshiki, 2016. "Principles and criteria for assessing urban energy resilience: A literature review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 1654-1677.
    10. Costantini, Valeria & Gracceva, Francesco & Markandya, Anil & Vicini, Giorgio, 2007. "Security of energy supply: Comparing scenarios from a European perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 210-226, January.
    11. Shaukat, N. & Khan, B. & Ali, S.M. & Mehmood, C.A. & Khan, J. & Farid, U. & Majid, M. & Anwar, S.M. & Jawad, M. & Ullah, Z., 2018. "A survey on electric vehicle transportation within smart grid system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1329-1349.
    12. Jin, Ming & Feng, Wei & Marnay, Chris & Spanos, Costas, 2018. "Microgrid to enable optimal distributed energy retail and end-user demand response," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 1321-1335.
    13. Mwasilu, Francis & Justo, Jackson John & Kim, Eun-Kyung & Do, Ton Duc & Jung, Jin-Woo, 2014. "Electric vehicles and smart grid interaction: A review on vehicle to grid and renewable energy sources integration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 501-516.
    14. Henry, Devanandham & Emmanuel Ramirez-Marquez, Jose, 2012. "Generic metrics and quantitative approaches for system resilience as a function of time," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 114-122.
    15. Pant, Raghav & Barker, Kash & Zobel, Christopher W., 2014. "Static and dynamic metrics of economic resilience for interdependent infrastructure and industry sectors," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 92-102.
    16. D’Lima, Minette & Medda, Francesca, 2015. "A new measure of resilience: An application to the London Underground," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 35-46.
    17. Moslehi, Salim & Reddy, T. Agami, 2018. "Sustainability of integrated energy systems: A performance-based resilience assessment methodology," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 487-498.
    18. Nan, Cen & Sansavini, Giovanni, 2017. "A quantitative method for assessing resilience of interdependent infrastructures," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 35-53.
    19. Kate Anderson & Nicholas D. Laws & Spencer Marr & Lars Lisell & Tony Jimenez & Tria Case & Xiangkun Li & Dag Lohmann & Dylan Cutler, 2018. "Quantifying and Monetizing Renewable Energy Resiliency," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-13, March.
    20. Barker, Kash & Ramirez-Marquez, Jose Emmanuel & Rocco, Claudio M., 2013. "Resilience-based network component importance measures," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 89-97.
    21. H. Klammler & P. S. C. Rao & K. Hatfield, 2018. "Modeling dynamic resilience in coupled technological-social systems subjected to stochastic disturbance regimes," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 38(1), pages 140-159, March.
    22. Francis, Royce & Bekera, Behailu, 2014. "A metric and frameworks for resilience analysis of engineered and infrastructure systems," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 90-103.
    23. Molyneaux, Lynette & Wagner, Liam & Froome, Craig & Foster, John, 2012. "Resilience and electricity systems: A comparative analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 188-201.
    24. Baroud, Hiba & Barker, Kash, 2018. "A Bayesian kernel approach to modeling resilience-based network component importance," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 10-19.
    25. Uddin, Moslem & Romlie, Mohd Fakhizan & Abdullah, Mohd Faris & Abd Halim, Syahirah & Abu Bakar, Ab Halim & Chia Kwang, Tan, 2018. "A review on peak load shaving strategies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3323-3332.
    26. Nan, Sibo & Zhou, Ming & Li, Gengyin, 2018. "Optimal residential community demand response scheduling in smart grid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 1280-1289.
    27. Arghandeh, Reza & von Meier, Alexandra & Mehrmanesh, Laura & Mili, Lamine, 2016. "On the definition of cyber-physical resilience in power systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1060-1069.
    28. Stephanie E. Chang & Timothy McDaniels & Jana Fox & Rajan Dhariwal & Holly Longstaff, 2014. "Toward Disaster‐Resilient Cities: Characterizing Resilience of Infrastructure Systems with Expert Judgments," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 34(3), pages 416-434, March.
    29. Bilal M. Ayyub, 2014. "Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition, Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 34(2), pages 340-355, February.
    30. Gnansounou, Edgard, 2008. "Assessing the energy vulnerability: Case of industrialised countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 3734-3744, October.
    31. Chuanyi Ji & Yun Wei & Henry Mei & Jorge Calzada & Matthew Carey & Steve Church & Timothy Hayes & Brian Nugent & Gregory Stella & Matthew Wallace & Joe White & Robert Wilcox, 2016. "Large-scale data analysis of power grid resilience across multiple US service regions," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 1(5), pages 1-8, May.
    32. Hughes, Larry, 2015. "The effects of event occurrence and duration on resilience and adaptation in energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 443-454.
    33. Milan Janić, 2018. "Modelling the resilience of rail passenger transport networks affected by large-scale disruptive events: the case of HSR (high speed rail)," Transportation, Springer, vol. 45(4), pages 1101-1137, July.
    34. Baroud, Hiba & Barker, Kash & Ramirez-Marquez, Jose E. & Rocco S., Claudio M., 2014. "Importance measures for inland waterway network resilience," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 55-67.
    35. Tuballa, Maria Lorena & Abundo, Michael Lochinvar, 2016. "A review of the development of Smart Grid technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 710-725.
    36. Jingjing Kong & Slobodan P. Simonovic & Chao Zhang, 2019. "Sequential Hazards Resilience of Interdependent Infrastructure System: A Case Study of Greater Toronto Area Energy Infrastructure System," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 39(5), pages 1141-1168, May.
    37. Khan, Ahsan Raza & Mahmood, Anzar & Safdar, Awais & Khan, Zafar A. & Khan, Naveed Ahmed, 2016. "Load forecasting, dynamic pricing and DSM in smart grid: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 1311-1322.
    38. Reddy, K.S. & Kumar, Madhusudan & Mallick, T.K. & Sharon, H. & Lokeswaran, S., 2014. "A review of Integration, Control, Communication and Metering (ICCM) of renewable energy based smart grid," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 180-192.
    39. Ouyang, Min, 2017. "A mathematical framework to optimize resilience of interdependent critical infrastructure systems under spatially localized attacks," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 262(3), pages 1072-1084.
    40. Woods, David D., 2015. "Four concepts for resilience and the implications for the future of resilience engineering," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 5-9.
    41. Raza, Muhammad Qamar & Khosravi, Abbas, 2015. "A review on artificial intelligence based load demand forecasting techniques for smart grid and buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 1352-1372.
    42. Gama Dessavre, Dante & Ramirez-Marquez, Jose E. & Barker, Kash, 2016. "Multidimensional approach to complex system resilience analysis," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 34-43.
    43. Moretti, M. & Djomo, S. Njakou & Azadi, H. & May, K. & De Vos, K. & Van Passel, S. & Witters, N., 2017. "A systematic review of environmental and economic impacts of smart grids," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P2), pages 888-898.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Youba Nait Belaid & Patrick Coudray & José Sanchez-Torres & Yi-Ping Fang & Zhiguo Zeng & Anne Barros, 2021. "Resilience Quantification of Smart Distribution Networks—A Bird’s Eye View Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-29, May.
    2. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Martiskainen, Mari & Furszyfer Del Rio, Dylan D., 2021. "Knowledge, energy sustainability, and vulnerability in the demographics of smart home technology diffusion," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    3. Shang, Ce & Lin, Teng & Li, Canbing & Wang, Keyou & Ai, Qian, 2021. "Joining resilience and reliability evaluation against both weather and ageing causes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    4. Mahdi Azimian & Vahid Amir & Reza Habibifar & Hessam Golmohamadi, 2021. "Probabilistic Optimization of Networked Multi-Carrier Microgrids to Enhance Resilience Leveraging Demand Response Programs," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-30, May.
    5. Zhang, Qianzhi & Wang, Zhaoyu & Ma, Shanshan & Arif, Anmar, 2021. "Stochastic pre-event preparation for enhancing resilience of distribution systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    6. Zhang, Xi & Tu, Haicheng & Guo, Jianbo & Ma, Shicong & Li, Zhen & Xia, Yongxiang & Tse, Chi Kong, 2021. "Braess paradox and double-loop optimization method to enhance power grid resilience," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    7. Di Lorenzo, Gianfranco & Rotondo, Sara & Araneo, Rodolfo & Petrone, Giovanni & Martirano, Luigi, 2021. "Innovative power-sharing model for buildings and energy communities," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 1087-1102.
    8. Munikoti, Sai & Lai, Kexing & Natarajan, Balasubramaniam, 2021. "Robustness assessment of Hetero-functional graph theory based model of interdependent urban utility networks," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 212(C).
    9. Fan, Dongming & Ren, Yi & Feng, Qiang & Liu, Yiliu & Wang, Zili & Lin, Jing, 2021. "Restoration of smart grids: Current status, challenges, and opportunities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    10. Wang, Zekai & Ding, Tao & Jia, Wenhao & Huang, Can & Mu, Chenggang & Qu, Ming & Shahidehpour, Mohammad & Yang, Yongheng & Blaabjerg, Frede & Li, Li & Wang, Kang & Chi, Fangde, 2022. "Multi-stage stochastic programming for resilient integrated electricity and natural gas distribution systems against typhoon natural disaster attacks," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    11. Hossain, Eklas & Roy, Shidhartho & Mohammad, Naeem & Nawar, Nafiu & Dipta, Debopriya Roy, 2021. "Metrics and enhancement strategies for grid resilience and reliability during natural disasters," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    12. Rocchetta, Roberto, 2022. "Enhancing the resilience of critical infrastructures: Statistical analysis of power grid spectral clustering and post-contingency vulnerability metrics," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    13. Wang, Chong & Ju, Ping & Wu, Feng & Lei, Shunbo & Pan, Xueping, 2021. "Sequential steady-state security region-based transmission power system resilience enhancement," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    14. Zhang, Dongdong & Li, Chunjiao & Goh, Hui Hwang & Ahmad, Tanveer & Zhu, Hongyu & Liu, Hui & Wu, Thomas, 2022. "A comprehensive overview of modeling approaches and optimal control strategies for cyber-physical resilience in power systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 1383-1406.
    15. Wang, Chong & Ju, Ping & Wu, Feng & Pan, Xueping & Wang, Zhaoyu, 2022. "A systematic review on power system resilience from the perspective of generation, network, and load," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    16. Umunnakwe, A. & Huang, H. & Oikonomou, K. & Davis, K.R., 2021. "Quantitative analysis of power systems resilience: Standardization, categorizations, and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    17. Liu, Hanchen & Wang, Chong & Ju, Ping & Li, Hongyu, 2022. "A sequentially preventive model enhancing power system resilience against extreme-weather-triggered failures," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    18. Xu, Luo & Guo, Qinglai & Sheng, Yujie & Muyeen, S.M. & Sun, Hongbin, 2021. "On the resilience of modern power systems: A comprehensive review from the cyber-physical perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    19. Ma, Xiangyu & Zhou, Huijie & Li, Zhiyi, 2021. "On the resilience of modern power systems: A complex network perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    20. Lei, Shunbo & Pozo, David & Wang, Ming-Hao & Li, Qifeng & Li, Yupeng & Peng, Chaoyi, 2022. "Power economic dispatch against extreme weather conditions: The price of resilience," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Adel Mottahedi & Farhang Sereshki & Mohammad Ataei & Ali Nouri Qarahasanlou & Abbas Barabadi, 2021. "The Resilience of Critical Infrastructure Systems: A Systematic Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-32, March.
    2. Poulin, Craig & Kane, Michael B., 2021. "Infrastructure resilience curves: Performance measures and summary metrics," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    3. Cheng, Yao & Elsayed, E.A. & Chen, Xi, 2021. "Random Multi Hazard Resilience Modeling of Engineered Systems and Critical Infrastructure," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
    4. Trucco, Paolo & Petrenj, Boris, 2023. "Characterisation of resilience metrics in full-scale applications to interdependent infrastructure systems," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
    5. Cai, Baoping & Xie, Min & Liu, Yonghong & Liu, Yiliu & Feng, Qiang, 2018. "Availability-based engineering resilience metric and its corresponding evaluation methodology," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 216-224.
    6. Umunnakwe, A. & Huang, H. & Oikonomou, K. & Davis, K.R., 2021. "Quantitative analysis of power systems resilience: Standardization, categorizations, and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    7. Feng, Qiang & Zhao, Xiujie & Fan, Dongming & Cai, Baoping & Liu, Yiqi & Ren, Yi, 2019. "Resilience design method based on meta-structure: A case study of offshore wind farm," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 186(C), pages 232-244.
    8. Cassottana, Beatrice & Shen, Lijuan & Tang, Loon Ching, 2019. "Modeling the recovery process: A key dimension of resilience," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 1-1.
    9. Kong, Jingjing & Zhang, Chao & Simonovic, Slobodan P., 2021. "Optimizing the resilience of interdependent infrastructures to regional natural hazards with combined improvement measures," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 210(C).
    10. Zhao, S. & Liu, X. & Zhuo, Y., 2017. "Hybrid Hidden Markov Models for resilience metrics in a dynamic infrastructure system," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 84-97.
    11. Mottahedi, Adel & Sereshki, Farhang & Ataei, Mohammad & Qarahasanlou, Ali Nouri & Barabadi, Abbas, 2021. "Resilience estimation of critical infrastructure systems: Application of expert judgment," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    12. Patriarca, Riccardo & De Paolis, Alessandro & Costantino, Francesco & Di Gravio, Giulio, 2021. "Simulation model for simple yet robust resilience assessment metrics for engineered systems," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
    13. Jingjing Kong & Slobodan P. Simonovic & Chao Zhang, 2019. "Resilience Assessment of Interdependent Infrastructure Systems: A Case Study Based on Different Response Strategies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(23), pages 1-31, November.
    14. Tiong, Achara & Vergara, Hector A., 2023. "Evaluation of network expansion decisions for resilient interdependent critical infrastructures with different topologies," International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, Elsevier, vol. 42(C).
    15. Caputo, Antonio C. & Kalemi, Bledar & Paolacci, Fabrizio & Corritore, Daniele, 2020. "Computing resilience of process plants under Na-Tech events: Methodology and application to sesmic loading scenarios," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    16. Uday, Payuna & Chandrahasa, Rakshit & Marais, Karen, 2019. "System Importance Measures: Definitions and Application to System-of-Systems Analysis," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    17. Jufri, Fauzan Hanif & Widiputra, Victor & Jung, Jaesung, 2019. "State-of-the-art review on power grid resilience to extreme weather events: Definitions, frameworks, quantitative assessment methodologies, and enhancement strategies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 1049-1065.
    18. Adrian J. Hickford & Simon P. Blainey & Alejandro Ortega Hortelano & Raghav Pant, 2018. "Resilience engineering: theory and practice in interdependent infrastructure systems," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 38(3), pages 278-291, September.
    19. Hu, Jinqiu & Khan, Faisal & Zhang, Laibin, 2021. "Dynamic resilience assessment of the Marine LNG offloading system," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
    20. Yarveisy, Rioshar & Gao, Chuan & Khan, Faisal, 2020. "A simple yet robust resilience assessment metrics," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:130:y:2020:i:c:s1364032120302094. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.