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Speaking out and speaking up in multicultural settings: A two-study examination of cultural intelligence and voice behavior

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  • Ng, Kok-Yee
  • Van Dyne, Linn
  • Ang, Soon

Abstract

Adopting a voice instrumentality perspective, we argue that cultural distance between the person speaking up and the voice targets will dampen voice behavior because of uncertainty surrounding what is appropriate and effective voice behavior. We further propose that cultural intelligence (CQ) mitigates this negative relationship and advance a mediated moderation model where the interactive effect of cultural distance and CQ on voice is mediated by perceived voice instrumentality. We test our hypotheses in teams (Study 1) and in supervisor-subordinate dyads in a global organization (Study 2). Results demonstrate that cultural distance is negatively related to speaking up to supervisor (Study 2), but not to speaking out to peers (Study 1). However, across both studies, individuals with low CQ engage in less voice to culturally distant voice targets than those with high CQ. In addition, results of Study 2 support mediated moderation and demonstrate that cultural distance has a negative indirect relationship with voice, via perceived voice instrumentality, only for individuals with low CQ. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our study for voice behavior in culturally diverse settings.

Suggested Citation

  • Ng, Kok-Yee & Van Dyne, Linn & Ang, Soon, 2019. "Speaking out and speaking up in multicultural settings: A two-study examination of cultural intelligence and voice behavior," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 150-159.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jobhdp:v:151:y:2019:i:c:p:150-159
    DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.10.005
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    4. Günter K Stahl & Martha L Maznevski, 2021. "Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: A retrospective of research on multicultural work groups and an agenda for future research," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 52(1), pages 4-22, February.
    5. Yanbin Liu & Wei Wang & Hongxu Lu & Ping Yuan, 2022. "The divergent effects of employees’ sense of power on constructive and defensive voice behavior: A cross-level moderated mediation model," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 39(4), pages 1341-1366, December.
    6. Judit Garamvölgyi & Ildikó Rudnák, 2023. "Exploring the Relationship between Cultural Intelligence (CQ) and Management Competencies (MC)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-18, March.
    7. Xiaobo Li & Ting Wu & Jianhong Ma, 2021. "How leaders are persuaded: An elaboration likelihood model of voice endorsement," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(5), pages 1-17, May.
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    9. Jialong Wu & Yuechao Du, 2022. "Linking Abusive Supervision to Promotive and Prohibitive Voice Behavior: Testing the Mediating Roles of Work Engagement and Negative Reciprocity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-16, May.

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