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Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission sources in Kuwait from the downstream industry: Critical analysis with a current and futuristic view

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  • Al-Salem, S.M.

Abstract

Kuwait is an oil dependent country with a complex structure of petroleum refining network that hosts three petroleum refineries processing around 1000 Mbpd of crude oil. The country is also embarking, on a state level, a clean fuel project and the construction of a new refining complex with a 615 Mbpd processing capacity, considered one of the largest the world over. With increasing focus of low sulfur clean fuels, carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by the downstream sector of the country is in need of a thorough assessment and point source analysis. The aim of this work is to present the results of such analysis of the main sources of CO2 in the existing refineries of Kuwait. The emissions from heaters and furnaces (unit energy supply), (FCCfluid catalytic cracking), flaring activities, (HPhydrogen production) units and acid gas removal were calculated. It was noted that energy supply units (fired heaters) constitute the largest source of the CO2 emissions sources (62–75%) depending on the refinery’s configuration. HP units ranked seconded in the final assessment, ranging from 12 to 25% in the studied refineries. In addition, the impact of the NRP (new refinery project) and anticipated changes in total CO2 load are also reported. This work will help policy makers in implementing a carbon mitigation plan in Kuwait. It will also help develop a CCS (carbon capture and storage) strategy in the near future.

Suggested Citation

  • Al-Salem, S.M., 2015. "Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission sources in Kuwait from the downstream industry: Critical analysis with a current and futuristic view," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 575-587.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:81:y:2015:i:c:p:575-587
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2014.12.075
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    2. Alasseri, Rajeev & Rao, T. Joji & Sreekanth, K.J., 2020. "Institution of incentive-based demand response programs and prospective policy assessments for a subsidized electricity market," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    3. Tahouni, Nassim & Gholami, Majid & Panjeshahi, M. Hassan, 2016. "Integration of flare gas with fuel gas network in refineries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 82-91.
    4. Juhriyansyah Dalle & Atma Hayat & A. Karim & Satria Tirtayasa & Emilda Sulasmi & Indra Prasetia, 2021. "The Influence of Accounting Information System and Energy Consumption on Carbon Emission in the Textile Industry of Indonesia: Mediating Role of the Supply Chain Process," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(1), pages 536-543.
    5. AlKheder, Sharaf & Almusalam, Ali, 2022. "Forecasting of carbon dioxide emissions from power plants in Kuwait using United States Environmental Protection Agency, Intergovernmental panel on climate change, and machine learning methods," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 819-827.
    6. Alsayegh, Osamah & Saker, Nathalie & Alqattan, Ayman, 2018. "Integrating sustainable energy strategy with the second development plan of Kuwait," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3430-3440.
    7. Adel Naseeb & Ashraf Ramadan & Sultan Majed Al-Salem, 2022. "Economic Feasibility Study of a Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Integration Project in an Oil-Driven Economy: The Case of the State of Kuwait," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-19, May.
    8. Meiryani Meiryani & Leny Suzan & Jajat Sudrajat & Watcharin Joemsittiprasert, 2020. "Impact of Accounting Information System and Intensity of Energy on Energy Consumption in Sugar Industry of Indonesia: Moderating Role of Effectiveness of Supply," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 10(5), pages 647-654.
    9. Hongju Da & Degang Xu & Jufeng Li & Zhihe Tang & Jiaxin Li & Chen Wang & Hui Luan & Fang Zhang & Yong Zeng, 2023. "Influencing Factors of Carbon Emission from Typical Refining Units: Identification, Analysis, and Mitigation Potential," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-17, September.
    10. Gelan, Ayele U., 2018. "Kuwait's energy subsidy reduction: Examining economic and CO2 emission effects with or without compensation," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 186-200.
    11. Yaumi, A.L. & Bakar, M.Z. Abu & Hameed, B.H., 2017. "Recent advances in functionalized composite solid materials for carbon dioxide capture," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 461-480.

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    Keywords

    Carbon dioxide CO2; Petroleum; Refinery; FCC; Heaters;
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