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Energy auditing of a maize–wheat–greengram cropping system under conventional and conservation agriculture in irrigated north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains

Author

Listed:
  • Saad, A.A.
  • Das, T.K.
  • Rana, D.S.
  • Sharma, A.R.
  • Bhattacharyya, Ranjan
  • Lal, Krishan

Abstract

This study evaluated energy requirements and input-output energy relationship in a maize-wheat-greengram cropping system under conventional and conservation agriculture. Conventional tillage with flat bed (CTF) and raised bed (CTB) and zero tillage with flat bed (ZTF) and raised bed (ZTB) were supplemented with crop residue management viz., no residue (CON), wheat residue in maize crop (WR), maize residue in wheat crop (MR) and wheat + maize residue in both maize & wheat crops (WMR). Results showed that ZTB (89170 MJ/ha) consumed 8% lower input energy than CTF. ZTB saved 91% and 38% energy in land preparation and irrigation, respectively. The output and net energy return were significantly higher with ZTF (387235 MJ/ha; 295397 MJ/ha), which were 2.0% higher than ZTB. Energy ratio and productivity were significantly higher with ZTB. WMR contributed the highest input and output energy and lowered energy ratio and productivity. Reduced energy ratio and energy productivity can be ignored as it returned to soil to improve its quality. Surface retained residues had better effect on crop productivity. With this view, ZTB with WMR was better and would be a substitute of the conventional agricultural system for adoption in maize-wheat-greengram cropping system in the irrigated north western Indo-Gangetic Plains.

Suggested Citation

  • Saad, A.A. & Das, T.K. & Rana, D.S. & Sharma, A.R. & Bhattacharyya, Ranjan & Lal, Krishan, 2016. "Energy auditing of a maize–wheat–greengram cropping system under conventional and conservation agriculture in irrigated north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 116(P1), pages 293-305.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:116:y:2016:i:p1:p:293-305
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.09.115
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    5. Singh, Pritpal & Singh, Gurdeep & Sodhi, G.P.S. & Sharma, Sandeep, 2021. "Energy optimization in wheat establishment following rice residue management with Happy Seeder technology for reduced carbon footprints in north-western India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    6. Singh, Pritpal & Singh, Gurdeep & Sodhi, G.P.S., 2019. "Energy auditing and optimization approach for improving energy efficiency of rice cultivation in south-western Punjab, India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 269-279.
    7. Kumar, Adarsh & Rana, K.S. & Choudhary, Anil K. & Bana, R.S. & Sharma, V.K. & Prasad, Shiv & Gupta, Gaurendra & Choudhary, Mukesh & Pradhan, Amaresh & Rajpoot, Sudhir K. & Kumar, Abhishek & Kumar, Ami, 2021. "Energy budgeting and carbon footprints of zero-tilled pigeonpea–wheat cropping system under sole or dual crop basis residue mulching and Zn-fertilization in a semi-arid agro-ecology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    8. Parihar, C.M. & Jat, S.L. & Singh, A.K. & Kumar, B. & Rathore, N.S. & Jat, M.L. & Saharawat, Y.S. & Kuri, B.R., 2018. "Energy auditing of long-term conservation agriculture based irrigated intensive maize systems in semi-arid tropics of India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 289-302.
    9. Singh, Ranbir & Singh, Ajay & Sheoran, Parvender & Fagodiya, R.K. & Rai, Arvind Kumar & Chandra, Priyanka & Rani, Sonia & Yadav, Rajender Kumar & Sharma, P.C., 2022. "Energy efficiency and carbon footprints of rice-wheat system under long-term tillage and residue management practices in western Indo-Gangetic Plains in India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(PA).
    10. Bhunia, Snehasish & Karmakar, Subrata & Bhattacharjee, Suvendu & Roy, Kingshuk & Kanthal, Sahely & Pramanick, Mahadev & Baishya, Aniket & Mandal, Biswapati, 2021. "Optimization of energy consumption using data envelopment analysis (DEA) in rice-wheat-green gram cropping system under conservation tillage practices," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    11. Wang, Donglin & Feng, Hao & Li, Yi & Zhang, Tibin & Dyck, Miles & Wu, Feng, 2019. "Energy input-output, water use efficiency and economics of winter wheat under gravel mulching in Northwest China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 222(C), pages 354-366.
    12. Muhammad N. Ashraf & Muhammad H. Mahmood & Muhammad Sultan & Redmond R. Shamshiri & Sobhy M. Ibrahim, 2021. "Investigation of Energy Consumption and Associated CO 2 Emissions for Wheat–Rice Crop Rotation Farming," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-18, August.
    13. Jat, H.S. & Jat, R.D. & Nanwal, R.K. & Lohan, Shiv Kumar & Yadav, A.K. & Poonia, Tanuja & Sharma, P.C. & Jat, M.L., 2020. "Energy use efficiency of crop residue management for sustainable energy and agriculture conservation in NW India," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 1372-1382.
    14. Parihar, C.M. & Jat, S.L. & Singh, A.K. & Majumdar, K. & Jat, M.L. & Saharawat, Y.S. & Pradhan, S. & Kuri, B.R., 2017. "Bio-energy, water-use efficiency and economics of maize-wheat-mungbean system under precision-conservation agriculture in semi-arid agro-ecosystem," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 245-256.
    15. Xinqing Xiao & Xu Zhang & Zetian Fu & Weisong Mu & Xiaoshuan Zhang, 2018. "Energy Conservation Potential Assessment Method for Table Grapes Supply Chain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-14, August.

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