IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ecofin/v57y2021ics1062940821000619.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Monthly-rebalanced leveraged exchange-traded products: Performance and mandatory rebalancing needs

Author

Listed:
  • Yuan, Ying
  • Huang, Yizhao
  • Chen, Haoran

Abstract

This paper examines the performance of monthly-rebalanced Leveraged Exchange-Traded Products (LETPs), and compares the performance and mandatory rebalancing needs between monthly-rebalanced LETPs and daily-rebalanced LETPs. We find that our sample monthly-rebalanced LETPs can approximately deliver their stated multiples. The monthly-rebalanced LETPs still suffer from compounding effect when holding period is multiple months, but this effect is mitigated relative to daily-rebalanced LETPs. Investors can gain a predictable return multiple different from the stated multiple by purchasing monthly-rebalanced LETPs at a non-rebalancing time. Even after controlling for the underlying index, holding period, and target return multiple, the performance and risks of monthly-rebalanced LETPs are much different from those of daily-rebalanced LETPs. In addition, the monthly LETPs generally require more mandatory rebalancing than the daily ones. These findings can help investors, practitioners, and regulators better understand the performance behaviors and potential consequences of monthly-rebalanced LETPs.

Suggested Citation

  • Yuan, Ying & Huang, Yizhao & Chen, Haoran, 2021. "Monthly-rebalanced leveraged exchange-traded products: Performance and mandatory rebalancing needs," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecofin:v:57:y:2021:i:c:s1062940821000619
    DOI: 10.1016/j.najef.2021.101431
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1062940821000619
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.najef.2021.101431?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bansal, Vipul K. & Marshall, John F., 2015. "A tracking error approach to leveraged ETFs: Are they really that bad?," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 47-63.
    2. Bhojraj, Sanjeev & Mohanram, Partha & Zhang, Suning, 2020. "ETFs and information transfer across firms," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(2).
    3. Xu, Liao & Yin, Xiangkang, 2017. "Does ETF trading affect the efficiency of the underlying index?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 82-101.
    4. Li, Mingsheng & Zhao, Xin, 2014. "Impact of leveraged ETF trading on the market quality of component stocks," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 90-108.
    5. Dannhauser, Caitlin D., 2017. "The impact of innovation: Evidence from corporate bond exchange-traded funds (ETFs)," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(3), pages 537-560.
    6. Broman, Markus S., 2016. "Liquidity, style investing and excess comovement of exchange-traded fund returns," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 27-53.
    7. Narat Charupat & Peter Miu, 2014. "A New Method to Measure the Performance of Leveraged Exchange-Traded Funds," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 49(4), pages 735-763, November.
    8. Qing Bai & Shaun A. Bond & Brian Hatch, 2015. "The Impact of Leveraged and Inverse ETFs on Underlying Real Estate Returns," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 43(1), pages 37-66, March.
    9. Doron Israeli & Charles M. C. Lee & Suhas A. Sridharan, 2017. "Is there a dark side to exchange traded funds? An information perspective," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 22(3), pages 1048-1083, September.
    10. Itzhak Ben‐David & Francesco Franzoni & Rabih Moussawi, 2018. "Do ETFs Increase Volatility?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 73(6), pages 2471-2535, December.
    11. Lawrence Glosten & Suresh Nallareddy & Yuan Zou, 2021. "ETF Activity and Informational Efficiency of Underlying Securities," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(1), pages 22-47, January.
    12. White, Halbert, 1980. "A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 48(4), pages 817-838, May.
    13. Shiyang Huang & Maureen O’Hara & Zhuo Zhong, 2021. "Innovation and Informed Trading: Evidence from Industry ETFs [Short interest, institutional ownership, and stock returns]," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 34(3), pages 1280-1316.
    14. Tang, Hongfei & Xu, Xiaoqing Eleanor, 2013. "Solving the Return Deviation Conundrum of Leveraged Exchange-Traded Funds," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 48(1), pages 309-342, February.
    15. Hua Wang & Liao Xu, 2019. "Do exchange‐traded fund flows increase the volatility of the underlying index? Evidence from the emerging market in China," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 58(5), pages 1525-1548, March.
    16. Newey, Whitney & West, Kenneth, 2014. "A simple, positive semi-definite, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 33(1), pages 125-132.
    17. Bansal, Vipul K. & Marshall, John F., 2015. "Tracking error decomposition and return attribution for leveraged exchange traded funds," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 84-94.
    18. Tang, Hongfei & Xu, Xiaoqing Eleanor & Yang, Zihui, 2014. "Can international LETFs deliver their promised exposure to foreign markets?," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 30-74.
    19. Lakshithe Wagalath, 2014. "Modelling the rebalancing slippage of leveraged exchange-traded funds," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(9), pages 1503-1511, September.
    20. Charupat, Narat & Miu, Peter, 2011. "The pricing and performance of leveraged exchange-traded funds," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(4), pages 966-977, April.
    21. Nan Qin & Vijay Singal, 2015. "Indexing and Stock Price Efficiency," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 44(4), pages 875-904, October.
    22. Loviscek, Anthony & Tang, Hongfei & Xu, Xiaoqing Eleanor, 2014. "Do leveraged exchange-traded products deliver their stated multiples?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 29-47.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Xu, Liao & Yin, Xiangkang & Zhao, Jing, 2019. "The sidedness and informativeness of ETF trading and the market efficiency of their underlying indexes," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    2. Ramesh Adhikari & Humnath Panta & M. Kabir Hassan, 2020. "Performance of ProShares Triple-Leveraged Equity ETFs," Capital Markets Review, Malaysian Finance Association, vol. 28(2), pages 1-18.
    3. Bae, Kyounghun & Kim, Daejin, 2020. "Liquidity risk and exchange-traded fund returns, variances, and tracking errors," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 138(1), pages 222-253.
    4. Xu, Liao & Xu, Lu & Zhao, Jing & Zhao, Yang, 2020. "Information-based trading and information propagation: Evidence from the exchange traded fund market," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    5. Hongfei Tang & Xiaoqing Eleanor Xu, 2019. "Dissecting the tracking performance of regular and leveraged VIX ETPs," Review of Derivatives Research, Springer, vol. 22(2), pages 261-327, July.
    6. Luca J. Liebi, 2020. "The effect of ETFs on financial markets: a literature review," Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, Springer;Swiss Society for Financial Market Research, vol. 34(2), pages 165-178, June.
    7. Wu, Weili & Zhu, Feifei, 2023. "ETF ownership and informational efficiency of underlying stocks: Evidence from China," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    8. Ivanov, Ivan T. & Lenkey, Stephen L., 2018. "Do leveraged ETFs really amplify late-day returns and volatility?," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 36-56.
    9. Saæglam, Mehmet & Tuzun, Tugkan & Wermers, Russ, 2021. "Do ETFs increase liquidity?," CFR Working Papers 21-03, University of Cologne, Centre for Financial Research (CFR).
    10. Bohl, Martin T. & Irwin, Scott H. & Pütz, Alexander & Sulewski, Christoph, 2023. "The impact of financialization on the efficiency of commodity futures markets," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 31(C).
    11. Rhodes, Meredith E. & Mason, Joseph R., 2023. "ETF ownership and firm-specific information in corporate bond returns," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    12. Box, Travis & Davis, Ryan & Evans, Richard & Lynch, Andrew, 2021. "Intraday arbitrage between ETFs and their underlying portfolios," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 141(3), pages 1078-1095.
    13. Miu, Peter & Yueh, Meng-Lan & Han, Jing, 2021. "Performance of Japanese leveraged ETFs," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    14. An, Yu & Benetton, Matteo & Song, Yang, 2023. "Index providers: Whales behind the scenes of ETFs," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 149(3), pages 407-433.
    15. Thomas Marta & Fabrice Riva, 2022. "Do ETFs increase the comovements of their underlying assets? Evidence from a switch in ETF replication technique," Post-Print hal-03969602, HAL.
    16. Duffy, John & Rabanal, Jean Paul & Rud, Olga A., 2021. "The impact of ETFs in secondary asset markets: Experimental evidence," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 674-696.
    17. Agarwal, Vikas & Hanouna, Paul & Moussawi, Rabih & Stahel, Christof W., 2021. "Do ETFs increase the commonality in liquidity of underlying stocks?," CFR Working Papers 21-04, University of Cologne, Centre for Financial Research (CFR).
    18. Xu, Liao & Pu, Wenyan, 2022. "ETFs, arbitrage activity, and stock market efficiency: Evidence from Chinese CSI 300 ETFs," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 1-9.
    19. Hurlin, Christophe & Iseli, Grégoire & Pérignon, Christophe & Yeung, Stanley, 2019. "The counterparty risk exposure of ETF investors," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 215-230.
    20. Lawrence Glosten & Suresh Nallareddy & Yuan Zou, 2021. "ETF Activity and Informational Efficiency of Underlying Securities," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(1), pages 22-47, January.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Leveraged Exchange-Traded Products (LETPs); Leveraged Exchange-Traded Funds (LETFs); Fund performance; Monthly rebalance; Rebalancing needs;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G11 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
    • G14 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:ecofin:v:57:y:2021:i:c:s1062940821000619. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/620163 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.