IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/pacfin/v65y2021ics0927538x20307022.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Performance of Japanese leveraged ETFs

Author

Listed:
  • Miu, Peter
  • Yueh, Meng-Lan
  • Han, Jing

Abstract

This study investigates the tracking performance and pricing efficiency of five groups of equity leveraged ETFs traded in Japan. One distinguishing feature of these leveraged ETFs is that they employ only futures contracts to achieve their desired exposures on the benchmark index. This allows us to develop a framework to determine their theoretical returns, based on the costs of carry of their underlying assets. The empirical results show that funds with positive (negative) leverage ratios tend to outperform (underperform) against their benchmarks, a pattern the opposite of US-listed equity-index tracking funds. Moreover, this outperformance/underperformance pattern concentrates on the popular ex-dividend dates of the constituent stocks of the underlying index. By using our theoretical framework, we reconcile these performance behaviors that can be attributed to the heavy reliance on futures contracts.

Suggested Citation

  • Miu, Peter & Yueh, Meng-Lan & Han, Jing, 2021. "Performance of Japanese leveraged ETFs," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:pacfin:v:65:y:2021:i:c:s0927538x20307022
    DOI: 10.1016/j.pacfin.2020.101490
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927538X20307022
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.pacfin.2020.101490?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hayashi, Fumio & Jagannathan, Ravi, 1990. "Ex-day behavior of japanese stock prices: New insights from new methodology," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 4(4), pages 401-427, December.
    2. Kota Okabe & Fuminori Niwa & Takao Sasaki & Teppei Nagano, 2016. "Recent Developments in Leveraged Investment Funds," Bank of Japan Review Series 16-E-1, Bank of Japan.
    3. Jieye Qin & Christopher J. Green & Kavita Sirichand, 2019. "Determinants of Nikkei futures mispricing in international markets: Dividend clustering, currency risk, and transaction costs," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(10), pages 1269-1300, October.
    4. Tang, Hongfei & Xu, Xiaoqing Eleanor, 2013. "Solving the Return Deviation Conundrum of Leveraged Exchange-Traded Funds," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 48(1), pages 309-342, February.
    5. Newey, Whitney & West, Kenneth, 2014. "A simple, positive semi-definite, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 33(1), pages 125-132.
    6. Charupat, Narat & Miu, Peter, 2011. "The pricing and performance of leveraged exchange-traded funds," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(4), pages 966-977, April.
    7. Jarrow, Robert A., 2010. "Understanding the risk of leveraged ETFs," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 7(3), pages 135-139, September.
    8. Narat Charupat & Peter Miu, 2014. "A New Method to Measure the Performance of Leveraged Exchange-Traded Funds," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 49(4), pages 735-763, November.
    9. Kato, Kiyoshi & Loewenstein, Uri, 1995. "The Ex-Dividend-Day Behavior of Stock Prices: The Case of Japan," Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 8(3), pages 817-847.
    10. Adam Marszk & Ewa Lechman & Yasuyuki Kato, 2019. "The Emergence of ETFs in Asia-Pacific," Springer Books, Springer, number 978-3-030-12752-7, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yuan, Ying & Huang, Yizhao & Chen, Haoran, 2021. "Monthly-rebalanced leveraged exchange-traded products: Performance and mandatory rebalancing needs," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    2. Ivanov, Ivan T. & Lenkey, Stephen L., 2018. "Do leveraged ETFs really amplify late-day returns and volatility?," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 36-56.
    3. Ramesh Adhikari & Humnath Panta & M. Kabir Hassan, 2020. "Performance of ProShares Triple-Leveraged Equity ETFs," Capital Markets Review, Malaysian Finance Association, vol. 28(2), pages 1-18.
    4. Zhongjin Lu & Zhongling Qin, 2021. "Leveraged Funds and the Shadow Cost of Leverage Constraints," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 76(3), pages 1295-1338, June.
    5. Hongfei Tang & Xiaoqing Eleanor Xu, 2019. "Dissecting the tracking performance of regular and leveraged VIX ETPs," Review of Derivatives Research, Springer, vol. 22(2), pages 261-327, July.
    6. Lee, Kyuseok & Kim, Soo-Hyun, 2018. "Do Leveraged/Inverse Etfs Wag The Underlying Market? : Evidence From The Korean Stock Market," Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, Hitotsubashi University, vol. 59(2), pages 83-94, December.
    7. Andrea Frazzini & Lasse Heje Pedersen, 2022. "Embedded Leverage [Asset pricing with liquidity risk]," The Review of Asset Pricing Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 12(1), pages 1-52.
    8. Peter Miu & Meng‐Lan Yueh, 2021. "A comment on “Determinants of Nikkei futures mispricing in international markets: Dividend clustering, currency risk, and transaction costs”," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(12), pages 2079-2082, December.
    9. Denis Davydov & Jarkko Peltomäki, 2023. "Investor attention and the use of leverage," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 58(2), pages 287-313, May.
    10. Tang, Hongfei & Xu, Xiaoqing Eleanor & Yang, Zihui, 2014. "Can international LETFs deliver their promised exposure to foreign markets?," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 30-74.
    11. Loviscek, Anthony & Tang, Hongfei & Xu, Xiaoqing Eleanor, 2014. "Do leveraged exchange-traded products deliver their stated multiples?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 29-47.
    12. Staer, Arsenio & Sottile, Pedro, 2018. "Equivalent volume and comovement," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 143-157.
    13. Frank, Murray & Jagannathan, Ravi, 1998. "Why do stock prices drop by less than the value of the dividend? Evidence from a country without taxes," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 47(2), pages 161-188, February.
    14. Narat Charupat & Peter Miu, 2013. "The Pricing Efficiency Of Leveraged Exchange-Traded Funds: Evidence From The U.S. Markets," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 36(2), pages 253-278, June.
    15. Bae, Kyounghun & Kim, Daejin, 2020. "Liquidity risk and exchange-traded fund returns, variances, and tracking errors," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 138(1), pages 222-253.
    16. Li, Mingsheng & Zhao, Xin, 2014. "Impact of leveraged ETF trading on the market quality of component stocks," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 90-108.
    17. John, Alexander & DeVault, Luke, 2023. "Implicit leverage: Can accrued fees cause levered ETN returns?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 55(PB).
    18. Min Dai & Steven Kou & H. Mete Soner & Chen Yang, 2023. "Leveraged Exchange-Traded Funds with Market Closure and Frictions," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(4), pages 2517-2535, April.
    19. Maya Malinda & Jo-Hui Chen, 2022. "The forecasting of consumer exchange-traded funds (ETFs) via grey relational analysis (GRA) and artificial neural network (ANN)," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 62(2), pages 779-823, February.
    20. Liljeblom, Eva & Loflund, Anders & Hedvall, Kaj, 2001. "Foreign and domestic investors and tax induced ex-dividend day trading," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 25(9), pages 1687-1716, September.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Leveraged exchange-traded funds; Fund performance; Cost of carry; Dividend clustering;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G10 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - General (includes Measurement and Data)
    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • G23 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:pacfin:v:65:y:2021:i:c:s0927538x20307022. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/pacfin .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.