IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/dyncon/v92y2018icp103-128.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Index tracking model, downside risk and non-parametric kernel estimation

Author

Listed:
  • Huang, Jinbo
  • Li, Yong
  • Yao, Haixiang

Abstract

In this paper, we propose an index tracking model with the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) constraint based on a non-parametric kernel (NPK) estimation framework. In theory, we demonstrate that the index tracking model with the CVaR constraint is a convex optimization problem. We then derive NPK estimators for tracking errors and CVaR, and thereby construct the NPK index tracking model. Monte Carlo simulations show that the NPK method outperforms the linear programming (LP) method in terms of estimation accuracy. In addition, the NPK method can enhance computational efficiency when the sample size is large. Empirical tests show that the NPK method can effectively control downside risk and obtain higher excess returns, in both bearish and bullish market environments.

Suggested Citation

  • Huang, Jinbo & Li, Yong & Yao, Haixiang, 2018. "Index tracking model, downside risk and non-parametric kernel estimation," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 103-128.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:dyncon:v:92:y:2018:i:c:p:103-128
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jedc.2018.04.008
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165188918301283
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jedc.2018.04.008?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gordon J. Alexander & Alexandre M. Baptista, 2004. "A Comparison of VaR and CVaR Constraints on Portfolio Selection with the Mean-Variance Model," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 50(9), pages 1261-1273, September.
    2. Filippi, C. & Guastaroba, G. & Speranza, M.G., 2016. "A heuristic framework for the bi-objective enhanced index tracking problem," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 122-137.
    3. Susan E. K. Christoffersen & Mikhail Simutin, 2017. "On the Demand for High-Beta Stocks: Evidence from Mutual Funds," Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 30(8), pages 2596-2620.
    4. Zinoviy Landsman & Emiliano Valdez, 2003. "Tail Conditional Expectations for Elliptical Distributions," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 7(4), pages 55-71.
    5. Shangmei Zhao & Qing Lu & Liyan Han & Yong Liu & Fei Hu, 2015. "A mean-CVaR-skewness portfolio optimization model based on asymmetric Laplace distribution," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 226(1), pages 727-739, March.
    6. Roman, Diana & Mitra, Gautam & Zverovich, Victor, 2013. "Enhanced indexation based on second-order stochastic dominance," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 228(1), pages 273-281.
    7. Hodges, Stewart D, 1976. "Problems in the application of portfolio selection models," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 4(6), pages 699-709.
    8. Ling, Aifan & Sun, Jie & Yang, Xiaoguang, 2014. "Robust tracking error portfolio selection with worst-case downside risk measures," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 178-207.
    9. Sharpe, William F., 1971. "A Linear Programming Approximation for the General Portfolio Analysis Problem," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 6(5), pages 1263-1275, December.
    10. Haixiang Yao & Yong Li & Karen Benson, 2015. "A smooth non-parametric estimation framework for safety-first portfolio optimization," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(11), pages 1865-1884, November.
    11. Beasley, J. E. & Meade, N. & Chang, T. -J., 2003. "An evolutionary heuristic for the index tracking problem," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 148(3), pages 621-643, August.
    12. Alexander, Gordon J. & Baptista, Alexandre M., 2010. "Active portfolio management with benchmarking: A frontier based on alpha," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(9), pages 2185-2197, September.
    13. Palomba, Giulio & Riccetti, Luca, 2012. "Portfolio frontiers with restrictions to tracking error volatility and value at risk," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(9), pages 2604-2615.
    14. David B. Brown & James E. Smith, 2011. "Dynamic Portfolio Optimization with Transaction Costs: Heuristics and Dual Bounds," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 57(10), pages 1752-1770, October.
    15. Meihua Wang & Chengxian Xu & Fengmin Xu & Hongang Xue, 2012. "A mixed 0–1 LP for index tracking problem with CVaR risk constraints," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 196(1), pages 591-609, July.
    16. Guastaroba, G. & Mansini, R. & Ogryczak, W. & Speranza, M.G., 2016. "Linear programming models based on Omega ratio for the Enhanced Index Tracking Problem," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 251(3), pages 938-956.
    17. Guastaroba, G. & Speranza, M.G., 2012. "Kernel Search: An application to the index tracking problem," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 217(1), pages 54-68.
    18. Alexander, Gordon J. & Baptista, Alexandre M., 2008. "Active portfolio management with benchmarking: Adding a value-at-risk constraint," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 779-820, March.
    19. Harry Markowitz, 1952. "Portfolio Selection," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 7(1), pages 77-91, March.
    20. Acerbi, Carlo & Tasche, Dirk, 2002. "On the coherence of expected shortfall," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(7), pages 1487-1503, July.
    21. Hiroshi Konno & Hiroaki Yamazaki, 1991. "Mean-Absolute Deviation Portfolio Optimization Model and Its Applications to Tokyo Stock Market," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 37(5), pages 519-531, May.
    22. Philippe Artzner & Freddy Delbaen & Jean‐Marc Eber & David Heath, 1999. "Coherent Measures of Risk," Mathematical Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 9(3), pages 203-228, July.
    23. Qi Li & Jeffrey Scott Racine, 2006. "Nonparametric Econometrics: Theory and Practice," Economics Books, Princeton University Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 8355.
    24. Markus Hirschberger & Ralph E. Steuer & Sebastian Utz & Maximilian Wimmer & Yue Qi, 2013. "Computing the Nondominated Surface in Tri-Criterion Portfolio Selection," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 61(1), pages 169-183, February.
    25. David D. Yao & Shuzhong Zhang & Xun Yu Zhou, 2006. "Tracking a Financial Benchmark Using a Few Assets," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 54(2), pages 232-246, April.
    26. Appel, Ian R. & Gormley, Todd A. & Keim, Donald B., 2016. "Passive investors, not passive owners," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 121(1), pages 111-141.
    27. Valle, C.A. & Meade, N. & Beasley, J.E., 2014. "Absolute return portfolios," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 20-41.
    28. Rockafellar, R. Tyrrell & Uryasev, Stanislav, 2002. "Conditional value-at-risk for general loss distributions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(7), pages 1443-1471, July.
    29. Rudolf, Markus & Wolter, Hans-Jurgen & Zimmermann, Heinz, 1999. "A linear model for tracking error minimization," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 85-103, January.
    30. Canakgoz, N.A. & Beasley, J.E., 2009. "Mixed-integer programming approaches for index tracking and enhanced indexation," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 196(1), pages 384-399, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Yao, Haixiang & Huang, Jinbo & Li, Yong & Humphrey, Jacquelyn E., 2021. "A general approach to smooth and convex portfolio optimization using lower partial moments," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
    2. Huang, Jinbo & Ding, Ashley & Li, Yong & Lu, Dong, 2020. "Increasing the risk management effectiveness from higher accuracy: A novel non-parametric method," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    3. Huang, Jinbo & Li, Yong & Yao, Haixiang, 2022. "Partial moments and indexation investment strategies," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 39-59.
    4. Zhifeng Dai & Jie Kang, 2022. "Some new efficient mean–variance portfolio selection models," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(4), pages 4784-4796, October.
    5. Li, Helong & Huang, Qin & Wu, Baiyi, 2021. "Improving the naive diversification: An enhanced indexation approach," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).
    6. Julio Cezar Soares Silva & Adiel Teixeira de Almeida Filho, 2023. "A systematic literature review on solution approaches for the index tracking problem in the last decade," Papers 2306.01660, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2023.
    7. Sant’Anna, Leonardo Riegel & Righi, Marcelo Brutti & Müller, Fernanda Maria & Guedes, Pablo Cristini, 2022. "Risk measure index tracking model," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 361-383.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Huang, Jinbo & Li, Yong & Yao, Haixiang, 2022. "Partial moments and indexation investment strategies," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 39-59.
    2. Gianfranco Guastaroba & Renata Mansini & Wlodzimierz Ogryczak & M. Grazia Speranza, 2020. "Enhanced index tracking with CVaR-based ratio measures," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 292(2), pages 883-931, September.
    3. Ruchika Sehgal & Aparna Mehra, 2019. "Enhanced indexing using weighted conditional value at risk," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 280(1), pages 211-240, September.
    4. Strub, O. & Baumann, P., 2018. "Optimal construction and rebalancing of index-tracking portfolios," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 264(1), pages 370-387.
    5. Filippi, C. & Guastaroba, G. & Speranza, M.G., 2016. "A heuristic framework for the bi-objective enhanced index tracking problem," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 122-137.
    6. Tingting Yang & Xiaoxia Huang, 2022. "A New Portfolio Optimization Model Under Tracking-Error Constraint with Linear Uncertainty Distributions," Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, Springer, vol. 195(2), pages 723-747, November.
    7. Yang, Tingting & Huang, Xiaoxia, 2022. "Two new mean–variance enhanced index tracking models based on uncertainty theory," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    8. Sant’Anna, Leonardo Riegel & Righi, Marcelo Brutti & Müller, Fernanda Maria & Guedes, Pablo Cristini, 2022. "Risk measure index tracking model," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 361-383.
    9. Meihua Wang & Chengxian Xu & Fengmin Xu & Hongang Xue, 2012. "A mixed 0–1 LP for index tracking problem with CVaR risk constraints," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 196(1), pages 591-609, July.
    10. Li, Xuepeng & Xu, Fengmin & Jing, Kui, 2022. "Robust enhanced indexation with ESG: An empirical study in the Chinese Stock Market," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
    11. Mansini, Renata & Ogryczak, Wlodzimierz & Speranza, M. Grazia, 2014. "Twenty years of linear programming based portfolio optimization," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 234(2), pages 518-535.
    12. Yao, Haixiang & Huang, Jinbo & Li, Yong & Humphrey, Jacquelyn E., 2021. "A general approach to smooth and convex portfolio optimization using lower partial moments," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
    13. Huang, Jinbo & Ding, Ashley & Li, Yong & Lu, Dong, 2020. "Increasing the risk management effectiveness from higher accuracy: A novel non-parametric method," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    14. Doering, Jana & Kizys, Renatas & Juan, Angel A. & Fitó, Àngels & Polat, Onur, 2019. "Metaheuristics for rich portfolio optimisation and risk management: Current state and future trends," Operations Research Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 6(C).
    15. Guastaroba, G. & Mansini, R. & Ogryczak, W. & Speranza, M.G., 2016. "Linear programming models based on Omega ratio for the Enhanced Index Tracking Problem," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 251(3), pages 938-956.
    16. Stucchi, Patrizia, 2015. "A unified approach to portfolio selection in a tracking error framework with additional constraints on risk," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 165-174.
    17. Marcelo Brutti Righi & Paulo Sergio Ceretta, 2015. "Shortfall Deviation Risk: An alternative to risk measurement," Papers 1501.02007, arXiv.org, revised May 2016.
    18. Gnägi, M. & Strub, O., 2020. "Tracking and outperforming large stock-market indices," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    19. Merlo, Luca & Petrella, Lea & Raponi, Valentina, 2021. "Forecasting VaR and ES using a joint quantile regression and its implications in portfolio allocation," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    20. Li, Helong & Huang, Qin & Wu, Baiyi, 2021. "Improving the naive diversification: An enhanced indexation approach," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Non-parametric kernel estimation; Index tracking model; Conditional value-at-risk;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G11 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
    • G10 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - General (includes Measurement and Data)

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:dyncon:v:92:y:2018:i:c:p:103-128. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jedc .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.