IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v190y2017icp204-212.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The economic and social performance of integrated photovoltaic and agricultural greenhouses systems: Case study in China

Author

Listed:
  • Li, Changsheng
  • Wang, Haiyu
  • Miao, Hong
  • Ye, Bin

Abstract

Integrated photovoltaic (PV) and agricultural greenhouses (PVGs) have seen a rapid expansion in recent years in China. However, declining Feed-in Tariffs and underutilization of PV greenhouses also cause public concern regarding their actual economic performance. In this study, we address the economic and social performance of five PVGs based on a case study. The conclusions show that PVGs could achieve a good economic performance. Their Annual Return on Investment (AROI) varies from about 9% to 20% with a discounted payback period of 4–8years depending on the different crops produced in PV greenhouses. Furthermore, PVGs also bring considerable social benefits, such as providing new jobs, raising taxes and avoiding substantial CO2 emissions. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis reveals that crop price is the most sensitive influencing factor. The importance of the electricity feed-in tariff is much less than what we expected. This implies that PV agricultural companies should pay more attention to crop planting and that policy-makers should also shift the focus of incentives from PV power generation to agricultural crop production.

Suggested Citation

  • Li, Changsheng & Wang, Haiyu & Miao, Hong & Ye, Bin, 2017. "The economic and social performance of integrated photovoltaic and agricultural greenhouses systems: Case study in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 204-212.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:190:y:2017:i:c:p:204-212
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.121
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261916319031
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.121?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Al-Karaghouli, Ali & Renne, David & Kazmerski, Lawrence L., 2010. "Technical and economic assessment of photovoltaic-driven desalination systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 323-328.
    2. Edalati, Saeed & Ameri, Mehran & Iranmanesh, Masoud & Tarmahi, Hakimeh & Gholampour, Maysam, 2016. "Technical and economic assessments of grid-connected photovoltaic power plants: Iran case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 923-934.
    3. Yıldız, Ahmet & Ozgener, Onder & Ozgener, Leyla, 2012. "Energetic performance analysis of a solar photovoltaic cell (PV) assisted closed loop earth-to-air heat exchanger for solar greenhouse cooling: An experimental study for low energy architecture in Aeg," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 281-287.
    4. Numbi, B.P. & Malinga, S.J., 2017. "Optimal energy cost and economic analysis of a residential grid-interactive solar PV system- case of eThekwini municipality in South Africa," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(P1), pages 28-45.
    5. ELkhadraoui, Aymen & Kooli, Sami & Hamdi, Ilhem & Farhat, Abdelhamid, 2015. "Experimental investigation and economic evaluation of a new mixed-mode solar greenhouse dryer for drying of red pepper and grape," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 1-8.
    6. Romero Rodríguez, Laura & Salmerón Lissén, José Manuel & Sánchez Ramos, José & Rodríguez Jara, Enrique Ángel & Álvarez Domínguez, Servando, 2016. "Analysis of the economic feasibility and reduction of a building’s energy consumption and emissions when integrating hybrid solar thermal/PV/micro-CHP systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 828-838.
    7. Nayak, Sujata & Tiwari, G.N., 2010. "Energy metrics of photovoltaic/thermal and earth air heat exchanger integrated greenhouse for different climatic conditions of India," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(10), pages 2984-2993, October.
    8. Saheb-Koussa, D. & Haddadi, M. & Belhamel, M., 2009. "Economic and technical study of a hybrid system (wind-photovoltaic-diesel) for rural electrification in Algeria," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(7-8), pages 1024-1030, July.
    9. Zhang, Xingxing & Shen, Jingchun & Xu, Peng & Zhao, Xudong & Xu, Ying, 2014. "Socio-economic performance of a novel solar photovoltaic/loop-heat-pipe heat pump water heating system in three different climatic regions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 20-34.
    10. Bakos, G. C., 2002. "A systematic techno-economic assessment of a WEC system installation for low-cost electrification of a habitable dwelling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 72(3-4), pages 609-619, July.
    11. Isa, Normazlina Mat & Das, Himadry Shekhar & Tan, Chee Wei & Yatim, A.H.M. & Lau, Kwan Yiew, 2016. "A techno-economic assessment of a combined heat and power photovoltaic/fuel cell/battery energy system in Malaysia hospital," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 75-90.
    12. Ravi, Sujith & Macknick, Jordan & Lobell, David & Field, Christopher & Ganesan, Karthik & Jain, Rishabh & Elchinger, Michael & Stoltenberg, Blaise, 2016. "Colocation opportunities for large solar infrastructures and agriculture in drylands," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 383-392.
    13. Gao, Xuerui & Liu, Jiahong & Zhang, Jun & Yan, Jinyue & Bao, Shujun & Xu, He & Qin, Tao, 2013. "Feasibility evaluation of solar photovoltaic pumping irrigation system based on analysis of dynamic variation of groundwater table," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 182-193.
    14. Cuce, Erdem & Harjunowibowo, Dewanto & Cuce, Pinar Mert, 2016. "Renewable and sustainable energy saving strategies for greenhouse systems: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 34-59.
    15. Imtiaz Hussain, M. & Ali, Asma & Lee, Gwi Hyun, 2015. "Performance and economic analyses of linear and spot Fresnel lens solar collectors used for greenhouse heating in South Korea," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(P2), pages 1522-1531.
    16. Fudholi, Ahmad & Sopian, Kamaruzzaman & Gabbasa, Mohamed & Bakhtyar, B. & Yahya, M. & Ruslan, Mohd Hafidz & Mat, Sohif, 2015. "Techno-economic of solar drying systems with water based solar collectors in Malaysia: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 809-820.
    17. Reca, J. & Torrente, C. & López-Luque, R. & Martínez, J., 2016. "Feasibility analysis of a standalone direct pumping photovoltaic system for irrigation in Mediterranean greenhouses," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 1143-1154.
    18. Peng, Jinqing & Lu, Lin & Yang, Hongxing, 2013. "Review on life cycle assessment of energy payback and greenhouse gas emission of solar photovoltaic systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 19(C), pages 255-274.
    19. Lang, Tillmann & Ammann, David & Girod, Bastien, 2016. "Profitability in absence of subsidies: A techno-economic analysis of rooftop photovoltaic self-consumption in residential and commercial buildings," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(P1), pages 77-87.
    20. Dupraz, C. & Marrou, H. & Talbot, G. & Dufour, L. & Nogier, A. & Ferard, Y., 2011. "Combining solar photovoltaic panels and food crops for optimising land use: Towards new agrivoltaic schemes," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 2725-2732.
    21. Bakos, G. C. & Soursos, M., 2002. "Techno-economic assessment of a stand-alone PV/hybrid installation for low-cost electrification of a tourist resort in Greece," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 73(2), pages 183-193, October.
    22. Dinesh, Harshavardhan & Pearce, Joshua M., 2016. "The potential of agrivoltaic systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 299-308.
    23. Ma, Tao & Yang, Hongxing & Lu, Lin & Peng, Jinqing, 2015. "Pumped storage-based standalone photovoltaic power generation system: Modeling and techno-economic optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 649-659.
    24. McHenry, Mark P., 2012. "A technical, economic, and greenhouse gas emission analysis of a homestead-scale grid-connected and stand-alone photovoltaic and diesel systems, against electricity network extension," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 126-135.
    25. Tiwari, Sumit & Tiwari, G.N., 2016. "Exergoeconomic analysis of photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) mixed mode greenhouse solar dryer," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 155-164.
    26. Park, Hyo Seon & Koo, Choongwan & Hong, Taehoon & Oh, Jeongyoon & Jeong, Kwangbok, 2016. "A finite element model for estimating the techno-economic performance of the building-integrated photovoltaic blind," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 211-227.
    27. Ghosh, Saptak & Nair, Akhilesh & Krishnan, S.S., 2015. "Techno-economic review of rooftop photovoltaic systems: Case studies of industrial, residential and off-grid rooftops in Bangalore, Karnataka," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 1132-1142.
    28. Ren, Hongbo & Gao, Weijun & Ruan, Yingjun, 2009. "Economic optimization and sensitivity analysis of photovoltaic system in residential buildings," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 883-889.
    29. Spertino, Filippo & Di Leo, Paolo & Cocina, Valeria, 2013. "Economic analysis of investment in the rooftop photovoltaic systems: A long-term research in the two main markets," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 531-540.
    30. Lee, Jongsung & Chang, Byungik & Aktas, Can & Gorthala, Ravi, 2016. "Economic feasibility of campus-wide photovoltaic systems in New England," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 452-464.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Farfan, Javier & Lohrmann, Alena & Breyer, Christian, 2019. "Integration of greenhouse agriculture to the energy infrastructure as an alimentary solution," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 368-377.
    2. José Manuel Salmerón Lissén & Laura Romero Rodríguez & Francisco Durán Parejo & Francisco José Sánchez de la Flor, 2018. "An Economic, Energy, and Environmental Analysis of PV/Micro-CHP Hybrid Systems: A Case Study of a Tertiary Building," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-15, November.
    3. Ye, Liang-Cheng & Rodrigues, João F.D. & Lin, Hai Xiang, 2017. "Analysis of feed-in tariff policies for solar photovoltaic in China 2011–2016," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 496-505.
    4. Ouammi, Ahmed, 2021. "Model predictive control for optimal energy management of connected cluster of microgrids with net zero energy multi-greenhouses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    5. Mamun, Mohammad Abdullah Al & Dargusch, Paul & Wadley, David & Zulkarnain, Noor Azwa & Aziz, Ammar Abdul, 2022. "A review of research on agrivoltaic systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    6. Amaducci, Stefano & Yin, Xinyou & Colauzzi, Michele, 2018. "Agrivoltaic systems to optimise land use for electric energy production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 545-561.
    7. Cossu, Marco & Cossu, Andrea & Deligios, Paola A. & Ledda, Luigi & Li, Zhi & Fatnassi, Hicham & Poncet, Christine & Yano, Akira, 2018. "Assessment and comparison of the solar radiation distribution inside the main commercial photovoltaic greenhouse types in Europe," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 822-834.
    8. Aikaterini Roxani & Athanasios Zisos & Georgia-Konstantina Sakki & Andreas Efstratiadis, 2023. "Multidimensional Role of Agrovoltaics in Era of EU Green Deal: Current Status and Analysis of Water–Energy–Food–Land Dependencies," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-20, May.
    9. Hassanien, Reda Hassanien Emam & Li, Ming & Yin, Fang, 2018. "The integration of semi-transparent photovoltaics on greenhouse roof for energy and plant production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 377-388.
    10. Hengtian Wang & Xiaolong Yang & Xinxin Xu & Liu Fei, 2021. "Exploring Opportunities and Challenges of Solar PV Power under Carbon Peak Scenario in China: A PEST Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-28, May.
    11. Gang Wu & Hui Fang & Yi Zhang & Kun Li & Dan Xu, 2023. "Photothermal and Photovoltaic Utilization for Improving the Thermal Environment of Chinese Solar Greenhouses: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-29, September.
    12. Hooshmandzade, Niusha & Motevali, Ali & Reza Mousavi Seyedi, Seyed & Biparva, Pouria, 2021. "Influence of single and hybrid water-based nanofluids on performance of microgrid photovoltaic/thermal system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    13. Jianxu Liu & Heng Wang & Sanzidur Rahman & Songsak Sriboonchitta, 2021. "Energy Efficiency, Energy Conservation and Determinants in the Agricultural Sector in Emerging Economies," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-18, August.
    14. Jian Chen & Yiping Liu & Lingjun Wang, 2019. "Research on Coupling Coordination Development for Photovoltaic Agriculture System in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-20, February.
    15. La Notte, Luca & Giordano, Lorena & Calabrò, Emanuele & Bedini, Roberto & Colla, Giuseppe & Puglisi, Giovanni & Reale, Andrea, 2020. "Hybrid and organic photovoltaics for greenhouse applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    16. Khan, Zaid Ashiq & Koondhar, Mansoor Ahmed & Tiantong, Ma & Khan, Aftab & Nurgazina, Zhanar & Tianjun, Liu & Fengwang, Ma, 2022. "Do chemical fertilizers, area under greenhouses, and renewable energies drive agricultural economic growth owing the targets of carbon neutrality in China?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    17. Nima Asgari & Matthew T. McDonald & Joshua M. Pearce, 2023. "Energy Modeling and Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of Greenhouses for Tomato Cultivation Utilizing the Waste Heat of Cryptocurrency Miners," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-42, January.
    18. Yano, Akira & Cossu, Marco, 2019. "Energy sustainable greenhouse crop cultivation using photovoltaic technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 116-137.
    19. Mousavi-Avval, Seyed Hashem & Shah, Ajay, 2020. "Techno-economic analysis of pennycress production, harvest and post-harvest logistics for renewable jet fuel," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).
    20. Lingjun Wang & Ying Wang & Jian Chen, 2019. "Assessment of the Ecological Niche of Photovoltaic Agriculture in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-17, April.
    21. Mohd Ashraf Zainol Abidin & Muhammad Nasiruddin Mahyuddin & Muhammad Ammirrul Atiqi Mohd Zainuri, 2021. "Solar Photovoltaic Architecture and Agronomic Management in Agrivoltaic System: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-27, July.
    22. Saedi, Ali & Jahangiri, Ali & Ameri, Mohammad & Asadi, Farzad, 2022. "Feasibility study and 3E analysis of blowdown heat recovery in a combined cycle power plant for utilization in Organic Rankine Cycle and greenhouse heating," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    23. Lingjun Wang & Yuanyuan Li, 2022. "Research on Niche Improvement Path of Photovoltaic Agriculture in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-25, October.
    24. Chung-Feng Jeffrey Kuo & Te-Li Su & Chao-Yang Huang & Han-Chang Liu & Jagadish Barman & Indira Kar, 2023. "Design and Development of a Symbiotic Agrivoltaic System for the Coexistence of Sustainable Solar Electricity Generation and Agriculture," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-22, March.
    25. Wu, Gang & Yang, Qichang & Zhang, Yi & Fang, Hui & Feng, Chaoqing & Zheng, Hongfei, 2020. "Energy and optical analysis of photovoltaic thermal integrated with rotary linear curved Fresnel lens inside a Chinese solar greenhouse," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Cossu, Marco & Cossu, Andrea & Deligios, Paola A. & Ledda, Luigi & Li, Zhi & Fatnassi, Hicham & Poncet, Christine & Yano, Akira, 2018. "Assessment and comparison of the solar radiation distribution inside the main commercial photovoltaic greenhouse types in Europe," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 822-834.
    2. Raúl Aroca-Delgado & José Pérez-Alonso & Ángel Jesús Callejón-Ferre & Borja Velázquez-Martí, 2018. "Compatibility between Crops and Solar Panels: An Overview from Shading Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-19, March.
    3. Rômulo de Oliveira Azevêdo & Paulo Rotela Junior & Luiz Célio Souza Rocha & Gianfranco Chicco & Giancarlo Aquila & Rogério Santana Peruchi, 2020. "Identification and Analysis of Impact Factors on the Economic Feasibility of Photovoltaic Energy Investments," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-40, September.
    4. Achour, Yasmine & Ouammi, Ahmed & Zejli, Driss, 2021. "Technological progresses in modern sustainable greenhouses cultivation as the path towards precision agriculture," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    5. Cuce, Erdem & Harjunowibowo, Dewanto & Cuce, Pinar Mert, 2016. "Renewable and sustainable energy saving strategies for greenhouse systems: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 34-59.
    6. Yano, Akira & Cossu, Marco, 2019. "Energy sustainable greenhouse crop cultivation using photovoltaic technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 116-137.
    7. Carlos Toledo & Alessandra Scognamiglio, 2021. "Agrivoltaic Systems Design and Assessment: A Critical Review, and a Descriptive Model towards a Sustainable Landscape Vision (Three-Dimensional Agrivoltaic Patterns)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-38, June.
    8. Amaducci, Stefano & Yin, Xinyou & Colauzzi, Michele, 2018. "Agrivoltaic systems to optimise land use for electric energy production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 545-561.
    9. Joshua M. Pearce, 2022. "Agrivoltaics in Ontario Canada: Promise and Policy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-20, March.
    10. Chelsea Schelly & Don Lee & Elise Matz & Joshua M. Pearce, 2021. "Applying a Relationally and Socially Embedded Decision Framework to Solar Photovoltaic Adoption: A Conceptual Exploration," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-18, January.
    11. Manoj Kumar, Nallapaneni & Chopra, Shauhrat S., 2023. "Integrated techno-economic and life cycle assessment of shared circular business model based blockchain-enabled dynamic grapevoltaic farm for major grape growing states in India," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 365-381.
    12. Nicholls, A. & Sharma, R. & Saha, T.K., 2015. "Financial and environmental analysis of rooftop photovoltaic installations with battery storage in Australia," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 252-264.
    13. Javier Padilla & Carlos Toledo & Rodolfo López-Vicente & Raquel Montoya & José-Ramón Navarro & José Abad & Antonio Urbina, 2021. "Passive Heating and Cooling of Photovoltaic Greenhouses Including Thermochromic Materials," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-22, January.
    14. Pascaris1, Alexis S. & Schelly, Chelsea & Rouleau, Mark & Pearce, Joshua M., 2021. "Do Agrivoltaics Improve Public Support for Solar Photovoltaic Development? Survey Says: Yes!," SocArXiv efasx, Center for Open Science.
    15. Hassanien, Reda Hassanien Emam & Li, Ming & Dong Lin, Wei, 2016. "Advanced applications of solar energy in agricultural greenhouses," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 989-1001.
    16. Mohd Ashraf Zainol Abidin & Muhammad Nasiruddin Mahyuddin & Muhammad Ammirrul Atiqi Mohd Zainuri, 2021. "Solar Photovoltaic Architecture and Agronomic Management in Agrivoltaic System: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-27, July.
    17. Bradai, R. & Boukenoui, R. & Kheldoun, A. & Salhi, H. & Ghanes, M. & Barbot, J-P. & Mellit, A., 2017. "Experimental assessment of new fast MPPT algorithm for PV systems under non-uniform irradiance conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 416-429.
    18. Jian Chen & Lingjun Wang & Yuanyuan Li, 2022. "Research on Niche Evaluation of Photovoltaic Agriculture in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-24, November.
    19. De Angelis, Paolo & Tuninetti, Marta & Bergamasco, Luca & Calianno, Luca & Asinari, Pietro & Laio, Francesco & Fasano, Matteo, 2021. "Data-driven appraisal of renewable energy potentials for sustainable freshwater production in Africa," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    20. Trommsdorff, Max & Kang, Jinsuk & Reise, Christian & Schindele, Stephan & Bopp, Georg & Ehmann, Andrea & Weselek, Axel & Högy, Petra & Obergfell, Tabea, 2021. "Combining food and energy production: Design of an agrivoltaic system applied in arable and vegetable farming in Germany," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:190:y:2017:i:c:p:204-212. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.