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A novel active equalization method for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles

Author

Listed:
  • Wang, Yujie
  • Zhang, Chenbin
  • Chen, Zonghai
  • Xie, Jing
  • Zhang, Xu

Abstract

Cell inconsistency is inevitable due to manufacturing constraint. Therefore, cell equalization is essentially required. In this paper, we propose a novel active equalization method based on the remaining capacity of cells which is feasible for lithium-ion battery packs in electric vehicles (EVs). The cell models are established based on a combined electrochemical model of lithium-ion batteries. The remaining capacity and state-of-charge (SOC) of cells are observed at the beginning of equalization. The particle filter (PF) method is employed to estimate the cell SOCs during equalization in order to eliminate the drift noise of the current sensor. The first high-SOC cell discharge (FHCD) and first low-SOC cell charge (FLCC) equalization algorithms are proposed and compared with 1% and 3% SOC bounds, respectively. The validation experiment results have shown that the proposed algorithm is suitable for equalization of lithium-ion batteries in EVs.

Suggested Citation

  • Wang, Yujie & Zhang, Chenbin & Chen, Zonghai & Xie, Jing & Zhang, Xu, 2015. "A novel active equalization method for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 36-42.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:145:y:2015:i:c:p:36-42
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.127
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Turksoy, Arzu & Teke, Ahmet, 2023. "A fast and energy-efficient nonnegative least square-based optimal active battery balancing control strategy for electric vehicle applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PA).
    3. Shixin Song & Feng Xiao & Silun Peng & Chuanxue Song & Yulong Shao, 2018. "A High-Efficiency Bidirectional Active Balance for Electric Vehicle Battery Packs Based on Model Predictive Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-24, November.
    4. Lianling Ren & Wei Liao & Jun Chen, 2024. "Systematic Design and Implementation Method of Battery-Energy Comprehensive Management Platform in Charging and Swapping Scenarios," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-13, March.
    5. Diao, Weiping & Xue, Nan & Bhattacharjee, Vikram & Jiang, Jiuchun & Karabasoglu, Orkun & Pecht, Michael, 2018. "Active battery cell equalization based on residual available energy maximization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 690-698.
    6. Jianwen Cao & Bizhong Xia & Jie Zhou, 2021. "An Active Equalization Method for Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Flyback Transformer and Variable Step Size Generalized Predictive Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-25, January.
    7. Liu, Zhentong & He, Hongwen, 2017. "Sensor fault detection and isolation for a lithium-ion battery pack in electric vehicles using adaptive extended Kalman filter," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 2033-2044.
    8. Ouyang, Minggao & Feng, Xuning & Han, Xuebing & Lu, Languang & Li, Zhe & He, Xiangming, 2016. "A dynamic capacity degradation model and its applications considering varying load for a large format Li-ion battery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 48-59.
    9. Zhang, Shumei & Qiang, Jiaxi & Yang, Lin & Zhao, Xiaowei, 2016. "Prior-knowledge-independent equalization to improve battery uniformity with energy efficiency and time efficiency for lithium-ion battery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 1-12.
    10. Hong Zhao & Li Wang & Zonghai Chen & Xiangming He, 2019. "Challenges of Fast Charging for Electric Vehicles and the Role of Red Phosphorous as Anode Material: Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-23, October.
    11. Turksoy, Arzu & Teke, Ahmet & Alkaya, Alkan, 2020. "A comprehensive overview of the dc-dc converter-based battery charge balancing methods in electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    12. Wang, Shunli & Shang, Liping & Li, Zhanfeng & Deng, Hu & Li, Jianchao, 2016. "Online dynamic equalization adjustment of high-power lithium-ion battery packs based on the state of balance estimation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 44-58.
    13. Bi, Jun & Zhang, Ting & Yu, Haiyang & Kang, Yanqiong, 2016. "State-of-health estimation of lithium-ion battery packs in electric vehicles based on genetic resampling particle filter," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 558-568.
    14. Adnan Ashraf & Basit Ali & Mothanna S. A. Alsunjury & Hakime Goren & Halise Kilicoglu & Faysal Hardan & Pietro Tricoli, 2024. "Review of Cell-Balancing Schemes for Electric Vehicle Battery Management Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-18, March.
    15. Xiudong Cui & Weixiang Shen & Yunlei Zhang & Cungang Hu, 2017. "A Novel Active Online State of Charge Based Balancing Approach for Lithium-Ion Battery Packs during Fast Charging Process in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-17, November.
    16. Wu, Zhou & Ling, Rui & Tang, Ruoli, 2017. "Dynamic battery equalization with energy and time efficiency for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 937-948.
    17. Zhang, Xu & Wang, Yujie & Yang, Duo & Chen, Zonghai, 2016. "An on-line estimation of battery pack parameters and state-of-charge using dual filters based on pack model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P1), pages 219-229.
    18. Marongiu, Andrea & Nußbaum, Felix Gerd Wilhelm & Waag, Wladislaw & Garmendia, Maitane & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2016. "Comprehensive study of the influence of aging on the hysteresis behavior of a lithium iron phosphate cathode-based lithium ion battery – An experimental investigation of the hysteresis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 629-645.
    19. Dongchen Qin & Shuai Qin & Tingting Wang & Hongxia Wu & Jiangyi Chen, 2022. "Balanced Control System Based on Bidirectional Flyback DC Converter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-25, October.
    20. Jun Xu & Binggang Cao & Junping Wang, 2016. "A Novel Method to Balance and Reconfigure Series-Connected Battery Strings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-13, September.
    21. Jian Yang & Jaewook Jung & Samira Ghorbanpour & Sekyung Han, 2022. "Data–Driven Fault Diagnosis and Cause Analysis of Battery Pack with Real Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-19, February.
    22. Zheng, Yuejiu & Ouyang, Minggao & Li, Xiangjun & Lu, Languang & Li, Jianqiu & Zhou, Long & Zhang, Zhendong, 2016. "Recording frequency optimization for massive battery data storage in battery management systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 380-389.
    23. Tian, Jiaqiang & Wang, Yujie & Liu, Chang & Chen, Zonghai, 2020. "Consistency evaluation and cluster analysis for lithium-ion battery pack in electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    24. Yang Yang & Wenchao Zhu & Changjun Xie & Ying Shi & Furong Liu & Weibo Li & Zebo Tang, 2020. "A Layered Bidirectional Active Equalization Method for Retired Power Lithium-Ion Batteries for Energy Storage Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-15, February.
    25. Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin & Pesiridis, Apostolos & Rajoo, Srithar & Martinez-Botas, Ricardo & Esfahanian, Vahid, 2017. "A review of Battery Electric Vehicle technology and readiness levels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 414-430.

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