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Active battery cell equalization based on residual available energy maximization

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  • Diao, Weiping
  • Xue, Nan
  • Bhattacharjee, Vikram
  • Jiang, Jiuchun
  • Karabasoglu, Orkun
  • Pecht, Michael

Abstract

The residual available energy (RAE) of a battery pack is an important parameter for determination of the amount of energy left in the battery pack. The RAE is defined as a function of the cell’s initial state of charge (SOC), discharge current, cell capacity and internal resistance. Battery management systems achieve active equalization through balancing either the SOC or the terminal voltage of battery packs. Recent research discovered that these equalization schemes cannot maximize RAE of the battery pack due to the variation of internal resistances and capacities of the cells in the pack. On the other hand, terminal voltage equalization is not applicable for batteries having a flat SOC-open-circuit voltage curve. This paper introduces the framework to calculate the RAE of a battery pack incorporating the variation of internal resistance and capacity of the individual cells in a pack. It further proposes a novel active battery cell equalization technique based on an RAE maximization scheme. The effectiveness of the proposed equalization scheme is validated through experimental results with a comparison of the energy utilization efficiency. The solution methodology and the results are discussed in the paper.

Suggested Citation

  • Diao, Weiping & Xue, Nan & Bhattacharjee, Vikram & Jiang, Jiuchun & Karabasoglu, Orkun & Pecht, Michael, 2018. "Active battery cell equalization based on residual available energy maximization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 690-698.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:210:y:2018:i:c:p:690-698
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.137
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wei, Jingwen & Dong, Guangzhong & Chen, Zonghai & Kang, Yu, 2017. "System state estimation and optimal energy control framework for multicell lithium-ion battery system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 37-49.
    2. Zhang, Caiping & Jiang, Yan & Jiang, Jiuchun & Cheng, Gong & Diao, Weiping & Zhang, Weige, 2017. "Study on battery pack consistency evolutions and equilibrium diagnosis for serial- connected lithium-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 510-519.
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    Cited by:

    1. Alfredo Alvarez-Diazcomas & Adyr A. Estévez-Bén & Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz & Miguel-Angel Martínez-Prado & Roberto V. Carrillo-Serrano & Suresh Thenozhi, 2020. "A Review of Battery Equalizer Circuits for Electric Vehicle Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-29, October.
    2. Chang, Chun & Wu, Yutong & Jiang, Jiuchun & Jiang, Yan & Tian, Aina & Li, Taiyu & Gao, Yang, 2022. "Prognostics of the state of health for lithium-ion battery packs in energy storage applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PB).
    3. Song, Ziyou & Hofmann, Heath & Lin, Xinfan & Han, Xuebing & Hou, Jun, 2018. "Parameter identification of lithium-ion battery pack for different applications based on Cramer-Rao bound analysis and experimental study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C), pages 1307-1318.
    4. Fan, Xinyuan & Zhang, Weige & Sun, Bingxiang & Zhang, Junwei & He, Xitian, 2022. "Battery pack consistency modeling based on generative adversarial networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PE).
    5. Jiang, Yan & Jiang, Jiuchun & Zhang, Caiping & Zhang, Weige & Gao, Yang & Mi, Chris, 2019. "A Copula-based battery pack consistency modeling method and its application on the energy utilization efficiency estimation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    6. Turksoy, Arzu & Teke, Ahmet & Alkaya, Alkan, 2020. "A comprehensive overview of the dc-dc converter-based battery charge balancing methods in electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    7. Hong, Jichao & Wang, Zhenpo & Zhang, Tiezhu & Yin, Huaixian & Zhang, Hongxin & Huo, Wei & Zhang, Yi & Li, Yuanyuan, 2019. "Research on integration simulation and balance control of a novel load isolated pure electric driving system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    8. Bhattacharjee, Vikram & Khan, Irfan, 2018. "A non-linear convex cost model for economic dispatch in microgrids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C), pages 637-648.
    9. Yang, Jufeng & Huang, Wenxin & Xia, Bing & Mi, Chris, 2019. "The improved open-circuit voltage characterization test using active polarization voltage reduction method," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 682-694.
    10. An, Fulai & Zhang, Weige & Sun, Bingxiang & Jiang, Jiuchun & Fan, Xinyuan, 2023. "A novel battery pack inconsistency model and influence degree analysis of inconsistency on output energy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    11. Weiping Diao & Saurabh Saxena & Bongtae Han & Michael Pecht, 2019. "Algorithm to Determine the Knee Point on Capacity Fade Curves of Lithium-Ion Cells," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-9, July.
    12. Xiaogang Wu & Zhihao Cui & Xuefeng Li & Jiuyu Du & Ye Liu, 2019. "Control Strategy for Active Hierarchical Equalization Circuits of Series Battery Packs," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-18, May.
    13. Shixin Song & Feng Xiao & Silun Peng & Chuanxue Song & Yulong Shao, 2018. "A High-Efficiency Bidirectional Active Balance for Electric Vehicle Battery Packs Based on Model Predictive Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-24, November.
    14. Rogers, Daniel J. & Aslett, Louis J.M. & Troffaes, Matthias C.M., 2021. "Modelling of modular battery systems under cell capacity variation and degradation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    15. Li, Penghua & Liu, Jianfei & Deng, Zhongwei & Yang, Yalian & Lin, Xianke & Couture, Jonathan & Hu, Xiaosong, 2022. "Increasing energy utilization of battery energy storage via active multivariable fusion-driven balancing," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    16. Yunfeng Jiang & Louis J. Shrinkle & Raymond A. de Callafon, 2019. "Autonomous Demand-Side Current Scheduling of Parallel Buck Regulated Battery Modules," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-20, May.
    17. E, Jiaqiang & Zhang, Bin & Zeng, Yan & Wen, Ming & Wei, Kexiang & Huang, Zhonghua & Chen, Jingwei & Zhu, Hao & Deng, Yuanwang, 2022. "Effects analysis on active equalization control of lithium-ion batteries based on intelligent estimation of the state-of-charge," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    18. Hui Liang & Long Guo & Junhong Song & Yong Yang & Weige Zhang & Hongfeng Qi, 2018. "State-of-Charge Balancing Control of a Modular Multilevel Converter with an Integrated Battery Energy Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-18, April.
    19. Zhong, Hao & Lei, Fei & Zhu, Wenhao & Zhang, Zhe, 2022. "An operation efficacy-oriented predictive control management for power-redistributable lithium-ion battery pack," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).
    20. Wojciech Kurpiel & Przemysław Deja & Bartosz Polnik & Marcin Skóra & Bogdan Miedziński & Marcin Habrych & Grzegorz Debita & Monika Zamłyńska & Przemysław Falkowski-Gilski, 2021. "Performance of Passive and Active Balancing Systems of Lithium Batteries in Onerous Mine Environment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-15, November.
    21. Fan, Feilong & Huang, Wentao & Tai, Nengling & Zheng, Xiaodong & Hu, Yan & Ma, Zhoujun, 2018. "A conditional depreciation balancing strategy for the equitable operation of extended hybrid energy storage systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 1937-1952.
    22. Chein-Chung Sun & Chun-Hung Chou & Yu-Liang Lin & Yu-Hua Huang, 2022. "A Cost-Effective Passive/Active Hybrid Equalizer Circuit Design," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-20, March.
    23. Yang Yang & Wenchao Zhu & Changjun Xie & Ying Shi & Furong Liu & Weibo Li & Zebo Tang, 2020. "A Layered Bidirectional Active Equalization Method for Retired Power Lithium-Ion Batteries for Energy Storage Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-15, February.

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